Appendix Table 4.

Urine Drug Testing (UDT) by Region and Year

	Prevalent long-term opioid users			Incident long-term opioid users
Region/Year	Denominator	Any UDT	Any UDT, %	Denominator	Any UDT	Any UDT, %
Midwest
2012	31,443	5,979	19.02	773	23	2.98
2013	34,178	7,673	22.45	792	24	3.03
2014	33,478	8,875	26.51	728	28	3.85
2015	30,823	9,732	31.57	670	40	5.97
2016	33,657	11,561	34.35	743	43	5.79
2017	39,391	15,831	40.19	995	65	6.53
2018	37,478	15,885	42.38	449	32	7.13
Northeast
2012	9,856	1,994	20.23	305	6	1.97
2013	12,522	3,062	24.45	361	11	3.05
2014	11,639	3,087	26.52	344	6	1.74
2015	11,876	3,451	29.06	320	17	5.31
2016	11,695	3,968	33.93	289	16	5.54
2017	12,502	4,574	36.59	291	12	4.12
2018	13,045	5,178	39.69	213	7	3.29
South
2012	72,584	24,658	33.97	1,782	102	5.72
2013	78,666	29,751	37.82	1,881	109	5.79
2014	68,638	29,061	42.34	1,536	121	7.88
2015	71,839	33,717	46.93	2,231	188	8.43
2016	80,390	40,484	50.36	1,928	212	11.00
2017	111,185	62,084	55.84	2,302	302	13.12
2018	116,891	69,830	59.74	1,634	244	14.93
West
2012	37,781	6,251	16.55	1,030	15	1.46
2013	42,212	8,234	19.51	1,508	34	2.25
2014	43,529	10,073	23.14	1,052	35	3.33
2015	42,978	11,727	27.29	2,225	42	1.89
2016	44,249	14,714	33.25	997	58	5.82
2017	46,341	17,775	38.36	1,080	87	8.06
2018	47,178	21,193	44.92	743	54	7.27