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. 2021 Apr 1;21:110. doi: 10.1186/s12890-021-01478-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — GAM plot between HOMA-IR and annual changes in lung function. The dashed lines indicate 95% CIs for values of smoothed annual changes in FEV₁%-predicted and FVC %-predicted, using the multivariate GAM analysis after adjusting for age, sex, high income, college graduate, active physical activity, smoking status, and annual averaged values of BMI, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic BP, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, eGFR, WBC count, hemoglobin, and CRP level. Abbreviations: GAM, general additive model; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance; CI, confidence interval; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC, forced vital capacity; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; HDL, high density lipoprotein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; WBC, white blood cell; CRP, C-reactive protein