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. 2021 Apr 1;13:72. doi: 10.1186/s13195-021-00808-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Power of different association models for two specific simulation outcomes. a–c A common variant with moderate effect size, evaluated in 1000 cases and 1000 controls at a significance level of α = 0.05, mimicking the condition of common AD cohorts genotyped on SNP arrays. d–f An uncommon variant with large effect size, evaluated in 5000 cases and 5000 controls at a significance level of α = 5 × 10⁻⁷, mimicking the condition of ADSP WES which allows exploration of uncommon and rare variant associations. Panels show power on the y-axis and age-related effect estimates on the x-axis. Outcomes for four models are shown (cf. legend) and the age-related effect estimate for AD [OR (Age-AD)] is marked by a vertical gray dotted line. From left to right, panels show simulation results for increasing mean age differences between cases and controls (cases being younger than controls where applicable)