Table 2.
Summary of the thyroid toxic effects after glyphosate or glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH) exposure in rats and mice.
| Chemical | LOAEL for the study | Experimental model | Age at beginning of exposure | Exposure duration | Exposure route | Main results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GBH (Roundup Transorb, Monsanto Co.) | 5 mg/kg | ♂ Wistar rats (adult male offspring from dams treated with GBH) | Gestational day 18 to postnatal day 5 | 10 days | Gavage to the mothers | ↓TSH Altered expression of several genes related to thyroid function Metabolomics changes similar to hypothyroidism |
de Souza et al. (96) |
| GBH (Roundup Bioflow, Monsanto Co.) and glyphosate | 1.75 mg/kg | ♂♀ Sprague–Dawley rats | Gestational day 6 to postnatal day 120 | 6 weeks or 13 weeks | Drinking water | ↑ TSH ♂ (glyphosate—6 weeks) ↑ TSH ♂ (GBH—13 weeks) |
Manservisi et al. (97) |
| GBH (Kalach 360 SL, Monsanto Co.) | 126 mg/kg | ♀ Wistar rats | Not informed | 60 days | Gavage | ↑ TSH ↓FT3 and FT4 ↓colloid volume in thyroid ↓ calcitonin |
Hamdaoui et al. (98) |
| GBH (brand not mentioned) | 250 mg/kg | ♀ Kunming Mice | Four-week-old | 7 days | Intragastric | ↑ TRH serum ↓ TSH, T3 and T4 serum ↓ Relative expression of Dio2 and Mct8 in the hypothalamus ↑ Relative expression of Dio2, Mct8 and Trhr in the pituitary ↓ Relative expression of Nis, Tpo, Tg and Tshr in thyroid tissue |
Zhang et al. (99) |