FIGURE 1.

Dysbiosis experiment. Sunbirds were divided into two groups (G1 and G2) which were further divided into two sub-groups a and b. All birds were fed with artificial nectar. A mixture of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim was mixed with the artificial nectar to a final concentration of 8 and 1.6 mg/ml, respectively, and fed to the birds in groups G1b and G2b for 72 h. Then, anabasine was added to all the birds in group G1 and nicotine was added to all the birds in group G2. The addition of the antibacterial agents to the food of subgroups G1b and G2b continued in parallel to the addition of the pyridine alkaloids, until the end of the experiment. Excreta samples were collected for anabasine and nicotine degradation analysis in the LC-MS after 24 and 72 h.