Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants in TAHOD and TAHOD-LITE
| TAHOD (Full risk score) | TAHOD-LITE (Short risk score) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Developed CKD | Did not develop CKD | All | Developed CKD | Did not develop CKD | All | |
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |
| Total | 391 (100) | 5701 (100) | 6092 (100) | 520 (100) | 9197 (100) | 9717 (100) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 106 (27.1) | 1824 (32) | 1930 (31.7) | 117 (22.5) | 2410 (26.2) | 2527 (26) |
| Male | 285 (72.9) | 3877 (68) | 4162 (68.3) | 403 (77.5) | 6787 (73.8) | 7190 (74) |
| Age group | ||||||
| ≤35 | 66 (16.9) | 2993 (52.5) | 3059 (50.2) | 30 (5.8) | 4011 (43.6) | 4041 (41.6) |
| 36-50 | 176 (45) | 2328 (40.8) | 2504 (41.1) | 222 (42.7) | 4099 (44.6) | 4321 (44.5) |
| 51-60 | 102 (26.1) | 305 (5.3) | 407 (6.7) | 151 (29) | 830 (9) | 981 (10.1) |
| 61+ | 47 (12) | 75 (1.3) | 122 (2) | 117 (22.5) | 257 (2.8) | 374 (3.8) |
| HIV exposure | ||||||
| Not intravenous drug user | 379 (96.9) | 5342 (93.7) | 5721 (93.9) | 515 (99.0) | 8905 (96.8) | 9420 (96.9) |
| Intravenous drug user | 12 (3.1) | 359 (6.3) | 371 (6.1) | 5 (1) | 292 (3.2) | 297 (3.1) |
| Nadir CD4 count (cells/m3) | ||||||
| ≤200 | 290 (74.2) | 3381 (59.3) | 3671 (60.3) | 320 (61.5) | 4264 (46.4) | 4584 (47.2) |
| >200 | 101 (25.8) | 2320 (40.7) | 2421 (39.7) | 200 (38.5) | 4933 (53.6) | 5133 (52.8) |
| ART initiation year | ||||||
| ≤2002 | 103 (26.3) | 610 (10.7) | 713 (11.7) | 49 (9.4) | 390 (4.2) | 439 (4.5) |
| 2003-2005 | 79 (20.2) | 983 (17.2) | 1062 (17.4) | 56 (10.8) | 762 (8.3) | 818 (8.4) |
| 2006-2009 | 131 (33.5) | 1942 (34.1) | 2073 (34) | 206 (39.6) | 2917 (31.7) | 3123 (32.1) |
| ≥2010 | 78 (19.9) | 2111 (37) | 2189 (35.9) | 174 (42.6) | 192 (36.9) | 5062 (52.1) |
| not started | 0 (0) | 55 (1) | 55 (0.9) | 17 (4.2) | 17 (3.3) | 275 (2.8) |
| Hepatitis C coinfection | ||||||
| Negative | 362 (92.6) | 5069 (88.9) | 5431 (89.1) | 503 (96.7) | 8688 (94.5) | 9191 (94.6) |
| Positive | 29 (7.4) | 632 (11.1) | 661 (10.9) | 17 (3.3) | 509 (5.5) | 526 (5.4) |
| Hypertension | ||||||
| No | 218 (55.8) | 3141 (55.1) | 3359 (55.1) | |||
| Yes | 3 (0.8) | 13 (0.2) | 16 (0.3) | |||
| Unknown/missing | 170 (43.5) | 2547 (44.7) | 2717 (44.6) | |||
| Diabetes mellitus | ||||||
| No | 229 (58.6) | 3267 (57.3) | 3496 (57.4 | |||
| Yes | 23 (5.9) | 43 (0.8) | 66 (1.1) | |||
| Unknown/missing | 139 (35.6) | 2391 (41.9) | 2530 (41.5) | |||
| Prior CVD | ||||||
| No/not reported | 374 (95.7) | 5671 (99.5) | 6045 (99.2) | |||
| Yes | 17 (4.3) | 30 (0.5) | 47 (0.8) | |||
| Baseline eGFR | ||||||
| 61-70 | 106 (27.1) | 285 (5) | 391 (6.4) | 129 (24.8) | 347 (3.8) | 476 (4.9) |
| 71-90 | 167 (42.7) | 1276 (22.4) | 1443 (23.7) | 220 (42.3) | 1764 (19.2) | 1984 (20.4) |
| >90 | 118 (30.2) | 4140 (72.6) | 4258 (69.9) | 171 (32.9) | 7086 (77) | 7257 (74.7) |
| Starting potentially nephrotoxic ARVs after baseline | ||||||
| TDF | 271 (69.3) | 3441 (60.4) | 3712 (60.9) | 337 (64.8) | 6432 (69.9) | 6762 (69.6) |
| ATV | 27 (6.9) | 350 (6.1) | 377 (6.2) | 24 (4.6) | 434 (4.7) | 458 (4.7) |
| ATV/r | 42 (10.7) | 540 (9.5) | 582 (9.6) | 65 (1.2) | 1437 (1.6) | 1502 (1.5) |
| LPV/r | 76 (19.4) | 876 (15.4) | 952 (15.6) | 35 (6.7) | 914 (9.9) | 949 (9.8) |
| Other boosted PIs | 38 (9.7) | 498 (8.7) | 536 (8.8) | 24 (4.6) | 477 (5.2) | 501 (5.2) |
| Any of these | 298 (76.2) | 4041 (70.9) | 4339 (71.2) | 349 (6.7) | 6527 (7.1) | 6878 (70.8) |
The TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database (TAHOD) is a collaborative observational cohort study that involves 21 sites in the Asia and Pacific region. The participating countries are Cambodia, China and Hong Kong SAR, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam. TAHOD Low Intensity Transfer (TAHOD-LITE) study is a sub-study of TAHOD which collects demographics, hepatitis serology, ART history, and HIV-related laboratory results from all patients at 10 participating sites of 8 countries in TAHOD.
Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; TDF, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; ATV, atazanavir; ATV/r, ritonavir boosted atazanavir; LPV/r, lopinavir boosted ritonavir; PIs, protease inhibitors.