Active targeting of LbL assembled NDDS. (a) Schematic illustration of the LbL assembly of the folate receptor targeted curcumin-loaded folic acid/casein coated carboxymethyl cellulose-casein NGs. (b) Schematics of the LbL assembly of the CD44 receptor targeted hyaluronan/PLL nanoparticles. (c) Whole-animal bioluminescence/fluorescence imaging of tumor co-localization from hyaluronan/PLL nanoparticles compared with dextran sulfate-conjugated control nanoparticles. (d) Schematics of the assembly of RGD targeted RGD-NPs-FOLFIRINOX. (e) Whole body dorsal fluorescence images of nu/nu mice bearing subcutaneous tumors at different time points after the administration by tail vein injection. (f) Schematic illustration of aptamer targeted BSA nanoparticles coated with PAH/PSS multilayers and coupled with aptamer AS1411. (g) CLSM images of Hepli and QGY-7703 cells demonstrating the targeted capacity of assembled AS1411-BSA NPs. (a) Reproduced with permission (Priya et al., 2020). Copyright 2020, Elsevier. (b, c) Reproduced with permission (Dreaden et al., 2014). Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society. (d, e) Reproduced with permission (Li et al., 2015). Copyright 2015, WILEY-VCH. (f, g) Reproduced with permission (Xie et al., 2012). Copyright 2018, Royal Society of Chemistry.