Table 1. Participant demographics and physical performance parameters.
| Spring | Summer | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Athletes (n = 34) | Controls (n = 16) | Combined (n = 50)1 | Athletes (n = 34)2 | Controls (n = 16)2 | Combined (n = 50) 2,3 | |
| Age (y) | 20.8±1.9 | 24.8±4.2 | 22±3.3*** | - | - | - |
| Height (m) | 1.76±0.1 | 1.69±0.1 | 1.74±0.1* | - | - | - |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.2±2.3 | 24.1±4.2 | 23.5±2.3 | 22.9±2.0 | 23.7±1.8 | 23.2±2.0 |
| Body Fat (%) | 21.5±6.9 | 28.2±6.7 | 23.6±7.5** | 22.8±7.7 | 26.6±7.4* | 24.1±7.7 |
| LBM (kg) | 56.0±11.2 | 49.8±11.6 | 54.1±11.5 | 53.7±10.5 | 50.8±12.0 | 52.8±11.0 |
| Serum 25(OH)D (nmol/L) | 51.7±20.5 | 37.2±18.9 | 46.7±20.9* | 66.7±15.8α | 55.6±18.8* | 63.1±17.3**α |
| Dietary vitamin D intake (μg/d) | 3.0±2.5 | 3.9±2.9 | 3.3±2.7 | 2.7±2.3 | 5.9±4.8 | 3.3±3.3α |
| SED | 1.4±1.1 | 0.8±1.0 | 1.2 ±1.1 | 6.8±17.3 | 9.1±8.6* | 7.4±15.2** |
| Training (hr) | 6.8±4.6 | N/A | N/A | - | - | - |
| Handgrip (kg) | 39.2±8.7 | 31.1±9.6 | 37.2±9.5** | 41.5±9.6α | 36.8±14.9 | 39.9±11.7** |
| KE (Nm) | 241.6±73.8 | 207.7±67.3 | 230.5±72.8 | 251.3±103.2 | 219.5±72.3 | 240.5±81.3 |
| CMJ (cm) | 35.7±6.8 | 26.6±8.4 | 31.5±8.7** | 32.8±8.9 | 26.0±7.5 | 30.5±9.0α |
| VO2MAX (ml/kg/min-1) | 47.3±8.6 | 34.8±8.8 | 43.4±10.4*** | 47.8±10.6 | 35.8±5.1* | 44.0±10.7αα |
| HRMAX (bpm) | 189.8±9.5 | 185.6±11.1 | 188.4±10.1 | 189.0±9.3 | 183.2±8.8 | 187.1±9.4 |
Values mean ± SD.
BMI: body mass index; LBM: lean body mass; 25(OH)D: serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D; Training: self-reported hours; SED: standard erythemal dose.
1 Independent t-test between athletes and controls during the spring season*<0.05 **<0.01 ***<0.001.
2 Paired t-test: α between athletes (p<0.05)
* between controls (p<0.05)
**between combined (p<0.05).
3 Independent t-test between athletes and controls during the summer season α<0.05, ααp<0.001.