Table 2.

Clinical symptoms and signs of nerve injury at different levels were summarized.

Affected nerve root	Painful area	Shallow sensory decline	Decreased muscle strength
L4	Waist, hip, anterior and outer thighs, inner calf	Anterolateral thigh	Quadriceps muscle strength
L3	Sacroiliac, hips, outer thighs, outer calves, back of feet	Outer calf	First toe extension
L2	Sacroiliac, waist, buttocks, back of thighs	Back of the calf	Toe flexion
L1	Calf posterior lateral, posterior lateral	Outside of foot	Back extensor strength