Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics by Incarceration History and Race
| Full sample | By Incarceration History | By Race | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never incar. | Formerly incar. | White | Black | ||||||
| Mean/prop. | Mean/prop. | Mean/prop. | p-value | Mean/prop. | Mean/prop. | p-value | |||
| Outcomes | |||||||||
| C-reactive protein (log + 1) | 1.305 | 1.304 | 1.308 | 0.939 | 1.287 | 1.400 | 0.017 | ||
| Depressive symptoms (0–15) | 2.442 | 2.357 | 3.005 | <0.001 | 2.337 | 2.961 | <0.001 | ||
| Incarceration history | |||||||||
| Formerly incarcerated (1=yes) | 0.130 | - | - | - | 0.124 | 0.157 | 0.046 | ||
| Age at first incarceration (among formerly incarcerated) | |||||||||
| Under age 18 years | 0.193 | - | - | - | 0.198 | 0.173 | 0.084 | ||
| 18 years or older | 0.807 | - | - | - | 0.801 | 0.827 | |||
| Duration of incarceration (among formerly incarcerated) | |||||||||
| Less than one year | 0.530 | - | - | - | 0.532 | 0.524 | 0.336 | ||
| One year or longer | 0.469 | - | - | - | 0.468 | 0.476 | |||
| Incarceration dosage (among formerly incarcerated) | |||||||||
| Once | 0.593 | - | - | - | 0.605 | 0.545 | 0.071 | ||
| Two or more times | 0.407 | - | - | - | 0.395 | 0.455 | |||
| Pre-incarceration criminal justice contacts | |||||||||
| Ever stopped by police | 0.198 | 0.150 | 0.450 | <0.001 | 0.208 | 0.148 | 0.001 | ||
| Ever arrested | 0.265 | 0.160 | 1.000 | <0.001 | 0.255 | 0.316 | 0.032 | ||
| Ever convicted | 0.121 | 0.050 | 0.570 | <0.001 | 0.120 | 0.129 | 0.922 | ||
| Covariates | |||||||||
| Race (1=Black) | 0.168 | 0.162 | 0.203 | 0.046 | - | - | - | ||
| Age | 14.623 | 14.611 | 14.709 | 0.301 | 14.589 | 14.799 | 0.386 | ||
| Gender (1=female) | 0.519 | 0.557 | 0.269 | <0.001 | 0.510 | 0.570 | 0.029 | ||
| Family SES in adolescence | 0.080 | 0.103 | −0.080 | <0.001 | 0.128 | −0.163 | <0.001 | ||
| Neighborhood racial composition in adolescence (% non-White) | 16.790 | 16.426 | 19.229 | 0.083 | 8.564 | 57.674 | <0.001 | ||
| Neighborhood economic disadvantage in adolescence | 0.804 | 0.791 | 0.889 | 0.216 | 0.521 | 2.218 | <0.001 | ||
| Depressive symptoms in adolescence | 2.889 | 2.831 | 3.275 | 0.002 | 2.814 | 3.258 | 0.002 | ||
| Delinquency in adolescence | 0.087 | 0.078 | 0.150 | <0.001 | 0.087 | 0.087 | 0.881 | ||
| Repeat arrestee | 0.122 | 0.052 | 0.592 | <0.001 | 0.109 | 0.183 | 0.002 | ||
| Violent arrestee | 0.034 | 0.016 | 0.151 | <0.001 | 0.029 | 0.059 | 0.004 | ||
| Parental incarceration | 0.148 | 0.127 | 0.29 | <0.001 | 0.134 | 0.219 | <0.001 | ||
Notes: p-value of difference in between never incarcerated and formerly incarcerated and Blacks and Whites; two-tailed test. Measures of pre-incarceration criminal justice contact are not mutually exclusive. Sample size (N=5,488) based on analytic sample for depressive symptoms, with exception of C-reactive protein (N=4,976). Descriptive statistics are weighted and adjust for survey design effects.