Figure 2.

Hyperuricemia and related diseases. Hyperuricemia occurs as a result of increased uric acid production, impaired renal uric acid excretion, or a combination of both mechanisms. In humans, normal SUA levels are 2.6–5.7 mg/dL (155–339 μmol/L) for women and 3.5–7.0 mg/dL (208–416 μmol/L) for men. Moreover, hyperuricemia may cause oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction, and hyperuricemia is even more of a burden due to its association with multiple comorbidities, including gout, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease (CKD), stroke, atherosclerosis, and metabolic syndrome (MS).