Table 3.
Inhibition zone (mm) of combined essential oils against MDR bacteria isolated from wounds at KMU, 2020.
| Essential oils, 50 μl/ml | μl/disc | Inhibition zone in diameter (mm), pathogen bacteria isolated from wounds | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gram-positive bacteria | Gram-negative bacteria | ||||||||||
| S. aureus | E. faecalis | E. coli | K. pneumoniae | P. aeruginosa | |||||||
| ATCC | MRSA | ATCC | VRE | ATCC | ESBL | ATCC | MDR | ATCC | ESBL | ||
| R. abyssinicus and C. pustulatus | 20 | 29 ± 2.1 | 29 ± 1.3∗ | 31 ± 1.3 | 31 ± 0.6# | 23 ± 2.7 | 22 ± 1.7 | 33 ± 0.4 | 33 ± 0.1$$ | 26 ± 0.7 | 26 ± 0.9 ¥ |
| 10 | 19 ± 0.5 | 16 ± .2.1 | 20 ± 0.7 | 21 ± 1.4 | 17 ± 0.4 | 18 ± 1.0 | 22 ± 2.0 | 23 ± 1.9 | 18 ± 1.1 | 18 ± 1.4 | |
| 5 | 13 ± 0.7 | 14 ± .0.5 | 10 ± 0.6 | 11 ± 0.6 | 10 ± 0.3 | 9 ± 1.4 | 15 ± 0.7 | 16 ± 2.4 | 11 ± 0.8 | 8 ± 0.4 | |
|
| |||||||||||
| C. pustulatus and D. penninervium | 20 | 27 ± 1.0 | 25 ± 0.5∗ | 33 ± 0.1 | 32 ± 1.9## | 27 ± 1.4 | 28 ± 0.1₫ | 32 ± 0.1 | 32 ± 0.7$$ | 28 ± 0.7 | 29 ± 0.6 ¥ |
| 10 | 19 ± 0.9 | 17 ± .0.1 | 27 ± 1.5 | 27 ± 0.1 | 19 ± 0.4 | 19 ± 1.9 | 27 ± 1.3 | 26 ± 0.5 | 18 ± 2.4 | 17 ± 0.4 | |
| 5 | 12 ± 0.3 | 11 ± .0.8 | 17 ± 0.4 | 13 ± 0.8 | 9 ± 0.3 | 10 ± 0.7 | 13 ± 0.5 | 14 ± 1.3 | 12 ± 0.1 | 11 ± 1.5 | |
|
| |||||||||||
| D. penninervium and R. abyssinicus | 20 | 32 ± 1.1 | 32 ± 1.2∗∗ | 34 ± 0.4 | 31 ± 2.1## | 23 ± 1.3 | 22 ± 0.4 | 29 ± 0.3 | 29 ± 0.4$ | 21 ± 0.3 | 19 ± 0.4 |
| 10 | 26 ± 2.5 | 26 ± 0.3 | 25 ± 0.6 | 24 ± 0.9 | 17 ± 1.7 | 16 ± 0.8 | 20 ± 0.6 | 20 ± 0.4 | 13 ± 0.4 | 14 ± 0.9 | |
| 5 | 13 ± 2.1 | 14 ± .0.8 | 16 ± 0.4 | 17 ± 0.7 | 9 ± 1.7 | 8 ± 0.5 | 15 ± 0.2 | 16 ± 0.7 | 8 ± 1.8 | 8 ± 1.3 | |
|
| |||||||||||
| Combination of three (1 : 1 : 1 ratio) | 20 | 34 ± 0.3 | 33 ± .1.5∗∗ | 37 ± 0.2 | 37 ± 1.7## | 22 ± 1.1 | 22 ± 1.6 | 35 ± 1.7 | 35 ± 0.2$$ | 26 ± 0.8 | 26 ± 0.4 ¥ |
| 10 | 26 ± 0.1 | 26 ± .1.1 | 24 ± 0.8 | 25 ± 0.9 | 15 ± 1.2 | 16 ± 0.1 | 25 ± 2.0 | 25 ± 1.4 | 17 ± 0.5 | 17 ± 0.2 | |
| 5 | 17 ± 1.2 | 16 ± .0.9 | 18 ± 0.7 | 18 ± 0.8 | 9 ± 0.7 | 9 ± 0.4 | 16 ± 0.3 | 17 ± 0.9 | 12 ± 0.1 | 11 ± 1.9 | |
|
| |||||||||||
| Positive control | S | R | S | R | S | R | S | R | S | R | |
| Negative control | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | |
Mean ± SD, whereas C = ciprofloxacin; NI = no inhibition zone; NT = not tested; ATCC = susceptible >21 mm IZ, resistant <16 mm IZ, where ∗P < 0.05 and ∗∗P < 0.01 when compared to cefoxitin treated MRSA, while #P < 0.05 and ##P < 0.01when compared to modern drug treated E. faecalis;$P < 0.05 and $$P < 0.01 when compared to K. pneumoniae and ¥P < 0.05 when compared to modern drug treated P. aeruginosa, and ₫P < 0.05 when compared to modern drug treated E. coli.