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. 2021 Apr 3;14:84. doi: 10.1186/s13068-021-01934-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 8 — Simple metabolic route for producing valuable compounds from lignin-derived aromatics. Lignin monomers are converted to acetyl-CoA as a final intermediate of protocatechuate metabolism in β-ketoadipate pathway. Lipid and polyhydroxyalkanoates are generated from the significant intermediate of acetyl-CoA via natural catabolic pathways in Rhodococci opacus (pink) and Pseudomonas putida KT2440 (orange), respectively [58, 126]. Rhodococcus sp. RHA1 is engineered to accumulate a significant amount of vanillin from feruilic acid by deleting vanillin dehydrogenase (Vdh) gene (green). Cis, cis-muconate has been proved to improve its yield in the engineered strain of P. putida by deletion of muconate cycloisomerase (CatB) gene and insertion of protocatechuate decarboxylase (AroY) gene (blue) [59]