. 2021 Apr 4;58(2):261–276. doi: 10.1007/s10597-021-00818-5

Table 4.

Theory of Planned behavior constructs

Theory of planned behavior constructs	Representative quote
Attitudes Beliefs about outcomes associated with performing a particular behavior (Casper, 2007)	“It was significant to empower the individual to serve as the role of parent and validate the inherent challenges that are not related to mental illness.” “Providing support and acknowledging his commitment [to parenting] has been key to his growth.” “If a consumer takes care of themselves and their own mental health/recovery they are in a better position to be a better parent.” “Normalizing parenting frustrations and other feelings is beneficial to our relationship with clients.” “What [PWLC] has done is made me more aware of family dynamics and treating the family as a whole.”
Subjective norms Perceptions of how others would judge a person for performing the behavior (Casper, 2007); perceived social pressure to perform or not to perform the behavior (Jokonya, 2017)	“In my role as a Team Leader, I have supported clinical staff to increase the frequency, as well as the depth of discussion with the folks they serve about their parenting, and also the loss of the possibility of parenting, where appropriate. This has facilitated the opening of sensitive and rewarding discussion, which people served and staff have identified as deeply helpful.” “The attendees to this collaborative from my agency have designed and continue to revisit the PW implementation at team meetings….” “…have encouraged staff doing intakes as well as direct care staff to discuss children [and] parenting as this is not on our current comprehensive assessments. It encompasses a part of the client’s life that has not previously been discussed. Being a parent or not has helped define a part of who they are – including dreams…feelings of sadness, regret, anger, etc.”
Perceived behavioral control Perception of ease or difficulty in performing the behavior; reflects past experience as well as anticipated impediments and obstacles (Jokonya, 2017)	“I think this training has opened up more areas of questioning/work. Before I might have been reluctant to delve into the topic of parenting.” “[participant benefitted from]…approaches on how to start the conversation about parenting. It was comfortable to have the conversation.” “The ParentingWell training provided me with the awareness that my own parenting journey in my recovery is a crucial part of the process. It also made me aware that my own perceived lack of success in this area was prohibiting me from growing and helping others. By talking about this more openly it has improved my own life and enriched my role with those I support.”
Intention to change practice behavior Plan to implement ParentingWell® skills, tools and resources	“…signifies openness and enthusiasm for the shift in our work from viewing people as independent adults to folks who come from a whole family system with history; willingness on part of staff to explore.” “But I am including it [ParentingWell] more in supervisions to increase others awareness of including parenting as part of the assessment and goals….” “[The PWLC]…brought my attention to an area of future growth.”
Practice behavior Use of ParentingWell® skills, tools and resources. Changes in actual policies and practice in the agency setting	“Staff supported mom to develop boundaries and provided education in order to support her. This was significant because it gave focus and direction to a difficult situation…staff was able to problem solve and partner with her in a way that wasn't explored before.” “…hearing a newer staff relate concepts in supervision as an integrated part of their work. Staff was demonstrating they had absorbed the content and importance and had integrated into their work.” “I have used the daily schedule from the tools to assist in bringing order to his day and eliminate negative self-talk.” “Everyone has gotten on the same page about children and families also being allowed to be transported in our vehicles with the use of proper child safety car seats and booster seats. Team leaders were not aware of this change and there were differing ideas on agency policy…Change takes time, but when things change, it’s wonderful!.” “Through supervision, the case manager and I sorted out the normative challenges of parenting, the feeling the case manager had to want to protect and provide surveillance, and ultimately began the conversation that the individual supported could move on from case management. It was significant to empower the individual [client] to serve as the role of parent and validate the inherent challenges that are not related to mental illness.”

Theory of planned behavior constructs

Representative quote

Attitudes

Beliefs about outcomes associated with performing a particular behavior (Casper, 2007)

“It was significant to empower the individual to serve as the role of parent and validate the inherent challenges that are not related to mental illness.”

“Providing support and acknowledging his commitment [to parenting] has been key to his growth.”

“If a consumer takes care of themselves and their own mental health/recovery they are in a better position to be a better parent.”

“Normalizing parenting frustrations and other feelings is beneficial to our relationship with clients.”

“What [PWLC] has done is made me more aware of family dynamics and treating the family as a whole.”

Subjective norms

Perceptions of how others would judge a person for performing the behavior (Casper, 2007); perceived social pressure to perform or not to perform the behavior (Jokonya, 2017)

“In my role as a Team Leader, I have supported clinical staff to increase the frequency, as well as the depth of discussion with the folks they serve about their parenting, and also the loss of the possibility of parenting, where appropriate. This has facilitated the opening of sensitive and rewarding discussion, which people served and staff have identified as deeply helpful.”

“The attendees to this collaborative from my agency have designed and continue to revisit the PW implementation at team meetings….”

“…have encouraged staff doing intakes as well as direct care staff to discuss children [and] parenting as this is not on our current comprehensive assessments. It encompasses a part of the client’s life that has not previously been discussed. Being a parent or not has helped define a part of who they are – including dreams…feelings of sadness, regret, anger, etc.”

Perceived behavioral control

Perception of ease or difficulty in performing the behavior; reflects past experience as well as anticipated impediments and obstacles (Jokonya, 2017)

“I think this training has opened up more areas of questioning/work. Before I might have been reluctant to delve into the topic of parenting.”

“[participant benefitted from]…approaches on how to start the conversation about parenting. It was comfortable to have the conversation.”

“The ParentingWell training provided me with the awareness that my own parenting journey in my recovery is a crucial part of the process. It also made me aware that my own perceived lack of success in this area was prohibiting me from growing and helping others. By talking about this more openly it has improved my own life and enriched my role with those I support.”

Intention to change practice behavior

Plan to implement ParentingWell® skills, tools and resources

“…signifies openness and enthusiasm for the shift in our work from viewing people as independent adults to folks who come from a whole family system with history; willingness on part of staff to explore.”

“But I am including it [ParentingWell] more in supervisions to increase others awareness of including parenting as part of the assessment and goals….”

“[The PWLC]…brought my attention to an area of future growth.”

Practice behavior

Use of ParentingWell® skills, tools and resources. Changes in actual policies and practice in the agency setting

“Staff supported mom to develop boundaries and provided education in order to support her. This was significant because it gave focus and direction to a difficult situation…staff was able to problem solve and partner with her in a way that wasn't explored before.”

“…hearing a newer staff relate concepts in supervision as an integrated part of their work. Staff was demonstrating they had absorbed the content and importance and had integrated into their work.”

“I have used the daily schedule from the tools to assist in bringing order to his day and eliminate negative self-talk.”

“Everyone has gotten on the same page about children and families also being allowed to be transported in our vehicles with the use of proper child safety car seats and booster seats. Team leaders were not aware of this change and there were differing ideas on agency policy…Change takes time, but when things change, it’s wonderful!.”

“Through supervision, the case manager and I sorted out the normative challenges of parenting, the feeling the case manager had to want to protect and provide surveillance, and ultimately began the conversation that the individual supported could move on from case management. It was significant to empower the individual [client] to serve as the role of parent and validate the inherent challenges that are not related to mental illness.”