Table 1.
A summary of the included studies.
| No. | Region | City – State | Total N | Prevalence (%) | Diagnostic method | Author/year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human host | ||||||
| 1 | Midwest | Caceres – MT | 53 | 9.4 | C | Alencar et al. [7] |
| 2 | Midwest | Campo Novo do Parecis – MT | 43 | 37.2 | C | Zenazokenae et al. [219] |
| 3 | Midwest | Caceres – MT | 183 | 36.6 | C | Silva et al. [196] |
| 4 | Midwest | Rondonopolis – MT | 215 | 11.5 | C | Luz et al. [125] |
| 5 | Midwest | Parque do Xingu – MT | 304 | 52.9 | C | Escobar-Pardo et al. [77] |
| 6 | Midwest | MT | 173 | 16.8 | C | Coimbra Jr and Santos [60] |
| 7 | Midwest | Parque Xingu – MT | 62 | 75.8 | C | Ferreira et al. [87] |
| 8 | Midwest | Mirassol D’Oeste – MT | 149 | 38.2 | C | Latorraca et al. [118] |
| 9 | Midwest | Corumba – MS | 200 | 52.0 | C | Silva et al. [198] |
| 10 | Midwest | Corumba – MS | 196 | 55.1 | C | Silva et al. [197] |
| 11 | Midwest | Campo Grande – MS | 510 | 4.6 | C | Curval et al. [65] |
| 12 | Midwest | Campo Grande – MS | 66 | 25.7 | C | Higa Júnior et al. [104] |
| 13 | Midwest | MS | 103 | 43.7 | C | Neres-Norberg et al. [150] |
| 14 | Midwest | Bonito – MS | 115 | 23.5 | C | Gomes et al. [97] |
| 15 | Midwest | Sidrolandia – MS | 313 | 64.8 | C | Aguiar et al. [4] |
| 16 | Midwest | DF | 75 | 53.3 | C | Pereira et al. [157] |
| 17 | Midwest | Cumari – GO | 1029 | 2.7 | C | Borges et al. [33] |
| 18 | South | Moreira Sales – PR | 42 | 4.8 | C | Barbosa and Pavanelli [20] |
| 19 | South | Maringa – PR | 150 | 16.0 | C | Colli et al. [61] |
| 20 | South | Campo Mourao – PR | 5219 | 7.2 | C | Mortean et al. [144] |
| 21 | South | Maria Helena – PR | 431 | 6.5 | C | Santos and Merlini [177] |
| 22 | South | Cascavel – PR | 343 | 17.8 | C | Takizawa et al. [207] |
| 23 | South | Ubirata – PR | 86 | 4.6 | C | Falavigna et al. [79] |
| 24 | South | Campo Mourao – PR | 86 | 4.6 | C | Kulik et al. [117] |
| 25 | South | Jataizinho – PR | 264 | 26.9 | C | Lopes et al. [122] |
| 26 | South | Pitanga – PR | 181 | 20.9 | C | Nascimento and Moitinho [149] |
| 27 | South | Maringa – PR | 369 | 5.9 | C | Guilherme et al. [101] |
| 28 | South | Porto Alegre – PR | 17,951 | 15.1 | C | De Carli et al. [69] |
| 29 | South | Pelotas – RS | 73 | 35.6 | C | Jeske et al. [111] |
| 30 | South | Ipe – RS | 124 | 4.0 | C | Zanotto et al. [218] |
| 31 | South | Palmeiras das Missoes – RS | 209 | 20.6 | C | Nagel et al. [148] |
| 32 | South | Caxias do Sul – RS | 257 | 1.5 | C | Camello et al. [44] |
| 33 | South | Caxias do Sul – RS | 331 | 3.3 | C | Porto et al. [162] |
| 34 | South | Flores da Cunha – RS | 341 | 3.2 | C | Cavagnolli et al. [53] |
| 35 | South | Rio Grande – RS | 144 | 28.5 | C | Mata-Santos et al. [136] |
| 36 | South | Porto Alegre – RS | 146 | 10.3 | C | Silva et al. [192] |
| 37 | South | Caxias do Sul – RS | 9787 | 14.6 | C | Basso et al. [22] |
| 38 | South | Porto Alegre – RS | 181 | 14.9 | C | Bencke et al. [24] |
| 39 | South | Campos Novos – SC | 109 | 13.7 | C | Biolchi et al. [28] |
| 40 | South | Florianopolis – SC | 3126 | 3.5 | C | Bueno et al. [40] |
| 41 | South | Florianopolis – SC | 57 | 31.6 | C | Santos et al. [180] |
| 42 | South | Blumenau – SC | 53 | 18.9 | C | Andrade et al. [11] |
| 43 | South | Criciuma – SC | 94 | 56.4 | E | Schnack et al. [185] |
| 44 | South | Florianopolis – SC | 43 | 4.6 | C | Korzeniowski et al. [116] |
| 45 | Northeast | Teresina – PI | 39,539 | 8.4 | C | Ibiapina et al. [108] |
| 46 | Northeast | Burti dos Lopes – PI | 511 | 8.4 | C | Sousa et al. [201] |
| 47 | Northeast | Parnaiba – PI | 251 | 29.9 | C | Fernandes et al. [85] |
| 48 | Northeast | Sao Raimundo Nonato – PI | 265 | 42.6 | C | Alves et al. [10] |
| 49 | Northeast | Santa Cruz – RN | 3480 | 2.3 | C | Lima et al. [121] |
| 50 | Northeast | Aracaju – SE | 476 | 31.3 | C | Oliveira et al. [155] |
| 51 | Northeast | Aracaju – SE | 500 | 32.6 | C | Rollemberg et al. [172] |
| 52 | Northeast | Aracaju – SE | 298 | 14.1 | C and E | Lawson et al. [119] |
| 53 | Northeast | Santo Antonio de Jesus – BA | 144 | 45.8 | C | Reis et al. [167] |
| 54 | Northeast | Salvador – BA | 48,028 | 0.5 | C and M | Soares et al. [200] |
| 55 | Northeast | Santo Antonio de Jesus – BA | 144 | 45.8 | C | Andrade et al. [12] |
| 56 | Northeast | Aiquara – BA | 236 | 15.7 | C | Santos et al. [183] |
| 57 | Northeast | Feira de Santana – BA | 349 | 50.1 | C | Almeida et al. [9] |
| 58 | Northeast | Ilheus – BA | 97 | 49.5 | C and E | Santos et al. [181] |
| 59 | Northeast | Salvador – BA | 200 | 65.0 | C | Seixas et al. [186] |
| 60 | Northeast | Salvador – BA | 52,704 | 3.4 | C and M | Santos et al. [178] |
| 61 | Northeast | Salvador – BA | 5624 | 15.6 | C | Santos et al. [176] |
| 62 | Northeast | Ipira – BA | 410 | 12.2 | C | Santos-Junior et al. [184] |
| 63 | Northeast | Cuite – PB | 45 | 40.0 | C | Bezerra et al. [27] |
| 64 | Northeast | Joao Pessoa – PB | 150 | 18.6 | C | Monteiro et al. [143] |
| 65 | Northeast | Campina Grande – PB | 1195 | 69.0 | C and E | Silva et al. [195] |
| 66 | Northeast | Joao Pessoa – PB | 67 | 28.3 | C | Magalhães et al. [129] |
| 67 | Northeast | Campina Grande – PB | 742 | 93.1 | C | Silva et al. [188] |
| 68 | Northeast | Russas – CE | 213 | 21.6 | C and M | Calegar et al. [43] |
| 69 | Northeast | Fortaleza – CE | 582 | 29.4 | C | Bachur et al. [15] |
| 70 | Northeast | Fortaleza – CE | 735 | 38.3 | C and E | Braga et al. [36] |
| 71 | Northeast | Fortaleza – CE | 161 | 20.5 | E | Braga et al. [35] |
| 72 | Northeast | Fortaleza – CE | 564 | 36.2 | C and E | Braga et al. [34] |
| 73 | Northeast | Maceio – AL | 1003 | 6.4 | C and M | Santos et al. [182] |
| 74 | Northeast | Maceio – AL | 1798 | 3.8 | C and E | Duarte et al. [74] |
| 75 | Northeast | Recife – PE | 213 | 4.7 | C and E | Dourado et al. [72] |
| 76 | Northeast | Recife e Macaparana – PE | 1783 | 5.8 | C and M | Pinheiro et al. [159] |
| 77 | Northeast | Macaparana – PE | 1437 | 2.6 | C and M | Pinheiro et al. [158] |
| 78 | Northeast | Recife, Palmares e Bodoco – PE | 633 | 28.3 | C, Z and E | Aca et al. [3] |
| 79 | Northeast | Sao Lourenço da Mata – PE | 485 | 41.2 | C and E | Gonçalves et al. [98] |
| 80 | Northeast | Recife – PE | 459 | 50.9 | E | Okazaki et al. [153] |
| 81 | Northeast | Chapadinha – MA | 3933 | 26.9 | C | Silva et al. [190] |
| 82 | Northeast, North | Timo – MA, Macapa – AP | 10,260 | 3.8 | C | Ferraz et al. [86] |
| 83 | North | Belem – PA | 320 | 3.7 | C | Carvalho et al. [50] |
| 84 | North | Santarem – PA | 367 | 34.3 | C | Banhos et al. [16] |
| 85 | North | Belem – PA | 334 | 28.4 | C and E | Silva et al. [187] |
| 86 | North | Belem – PA | 438 | 28.9 | E | Póvoa et al. [163] |
| 87 | North | PA | 300 | 57.6 | C | Miranda et al. [140] |
| 88 | North | Presidente Figueiredo – AM | 143 | 4.2 | C | Gonçalves et al. [99] |
| 89 | North | Coari – AM | 65 | 9.2 | C | Silva et al. [194] |
| 90 | North | Santa Izabel do Rio Negro – AM | 463 | 25.3 | C | Valverde et al. [215] |
| 91 | North | Manaus – AM | 400 | 40.5 | C | Oliveira et al. [154] |
| 92 | North | Iauarete – AM | 333 | 31.2 | C | Boia et al. [32] |
| 93 | North | Manaus – AM | 451 | 23.9 | C | Maia et al. [130] |
| 94 | North | Coari – AM | 211 | 29.4 | C | Monteiro et al. [142] |
| 95 | North | Coari – AM | 123 | 21.1 | C | Silva et al. [189] |
| 96 | North | Sao Gabriel da Cachoeira – AM | 895 | 29.9 | C | Rios et al. [170] |
| 97 | North | Santa Izabel do Rio Negro – AM | 308 | 71.7 | C | Boia et al. [31] |
| 98 | North | Eirunepe – AM | 413 | 38.2 | C | Araújo and Fernandez [13] |
| 99 | North | Manaus – AM | 1585 | 37.3 | C and E | Benetton et al. [25] |
| 100 | North | Nova Olinda do Norte – AM | 81 | 23.4 | C | Hurtado-Guerrero et al. [106] |
| 101 | North | Novo Airao – AM | 316 | 29.1 | C | Boia et al. [30] |
| 102 | North | Manaus – AM | 110 | 9.1 | C | Giugliano et al. [96] |
| 103 | North | Ariquemes e Monte Negro – RO | 216 | 50.4 | C and E | Santos et al. [179] |
| 104 | North | Acrelandia – AC | 429 | 25.6 | C | Souza et al. [202] |
| 105 | Southeast | Diamantina – MG | 66 | 18.2 | C | Eustachio et al. [78] |
| 106 | Southeast | Belo Horizonte – MG | 6289 | 6.5 | C and M | Costa et al. [62] |
| 107 | Southeast | Viçosa – MG | 419 | 32.9 | C | Iasbik et al. [107] |
| 108 | Southeast | Alfenas – MG | 277 | 2.5 | C | Felizardo et al. [83] |
| 109 | Southeast | Ituiutaba – MG | 140 | 22.1 | C | Moura et al. [146] |
| 110 | Southeast | Sete Lagoas – MG | 26 | 30.8 | C | Pires et al. [160] |
| 111 | Southeast | Uberaba – MG | 1323 | 6.4 | C | Cabrine-Santos et al. [42] |
| 112 | Southeast | Caldas – MG | 60 | 66.6 | … | Simões et al. [199] |
| 113 | Southeast | Divinopolis – MG | 1403 | 5.7 | C and E | Pereira et al. [156] |
| 114 | Southeast | MG | 409 | 89.7 | C | Assis et al. [14] |
| 115 | Southeast | Uberaba – MG | 82 | 63.4 | M | Cembranelli et al. [54] |
| 116 | Southeast | Ouro verde de minas – MG | 315 | 28.2 | C | Carvalho et al. [49] |
| 117 | Southeast | Uberlandia – MG | 110 | 17.3 | C | Ferreira-Filho et al. [89] |
| 118 | Southeast | Viçosa – MG | 246 | 4.1 | C | Einloft et al. [75] |
| 119 | Southeast | Pato de Minas – MG | 161 | 16.1 | C | Silva and Silva [191] |
| 120 | Southeast | Berilo – MG | 149 | 24.8 | C | Martins et al. [135] |
| 121 | Southeast | Vespasiano – MG | 176 | 16.5 | C | Barçante et al. [21] |
| 122 | Southeast | Uberlandia – MG | 160 | 23.1 | C | Machado et al. [127] |
| 123 | Southeast | Abadia dos Dourados – MG | 376 | 20.5 | C | Machado et al. [128] |
| 124 | Southeast | Belo Horizonte – MG | 472 | 14.6 | C | Menezes et al. [138] |
| 125 | Southeast | Vespasiano – MG | 537 | 6.3 | C | Santos et al. [175] |
| 126 | Southeast | Bambui – MG | 2811 | 7.4 | C | Rocha et al. [171] |
| 127 | Southeast | Uberlandia – MG | 264 | 1.5 | C | Rezende et al. [169] |
| 128 | Southeast | Uberlandia – MG | 104 | 24.0 | C | Costa-Cruz et al. [63] |
| 129 | Southeast | Uberlandia – MG | 100 | 62.0 | C | Favoreto Jr and Machado [82] |
| 130 | Southeast | Sao Mateus – ES | 50 | 36.0 | C | Albuquerque and Souza [6] |
| 131 | Southeast | Sao Matheus – ES | 42 | 19.0 | C | Brauer et al. [39] |
| 132 | Southeast | Sao Mateus – ES | 221 | 31.2 | C | Damázio et al. [67] |
| 133 | Southeast | Sao Mateus – ES | 82 | 31.7 | C | Damázio et al. [66] |
| 134 | Southeast | Sumidouro – RJ | 294 | 12.9 | C | Barbosa et al. [19] |
| 135 | Southeast | Rio de Janeiro – RJ | 3245 | 6.8 | C | Faria et al. [81] |
| 136 | Southeast | Rio de Janeiro – RJ | 595 | 12.2 | C | Ignácio et al. [109] |
| 137 | Southeast | Rio de Janeiro – RJ | 180 | 10.5 | … | Valença-Barbosa et al. [214] |
| 138 | Southeast | Niteroi – RJ | 68 | 17.6 | C | Leite et al. [120] |
| 139 | Southeast | Niteroi – RJ | 1749 | 5.4 | C | Macedo et al. [126] |
| 140 | Southeast | Niteroi – RJ | 429 | 11.6 | C | Uchôa et al. [213] |
| 141 | Southeast | Rio de Janeiro – RJ | 218 | 1.4 | C | Carvalho-Costa et al. [51] |
| 142 | Southeast | Niteroi – RJ | 140 | 15.7 | C | Port-Lourenço et al. [161] |
| 143 | Southeast | Niteroi – RJ | 261 | 21.8 | C | Uchôa et al. [212] |
| 144 | Southeast | RJ | 99 | 31.3 | C | Moura et al. [145] |
| 145 | Southeast | Ribeirao Preto – SP | 233 | 13.3 | C | Fonseca et al. [91] |
| 146 | Southeast | Sao Jose do Rio Preto – SP | 100 | 7.0 | C | Castro et al. [52] |
| 147 | Southeast | Campos do Jordao – SP | 185 | 22.2 | C | Branco et al. [37] |
| 148 | Southeast | Mirassol – SP | 310 | 15.1 | C | Belloto et al. [23] |
| 149 | Southeast | Sao Jose do Rio Preto – SP | 500 | 0.8 | C | Cardoso et al. [48] |
| 150 | Southeast | Sao Paulo – SP | 66 | 40.9 | C | Lopes et al. [123] |
| 151 | Southeast | Catanduva – SP | 133 | 9.7 | C | Biscegli et al. [29] |
| 152 | Southeast | Presidente Bernardes – SP | 101 | 8.9 | C | Tashima et al. [209] |
| 153 | Southeast | Ribeirao Preto – SP | 429 | 9.3 | C | Capuano et al. [47] |
| 154 | Southeast | Araraquara – SP | 503 | 14.5 | C | Miné and Rosa [139] |
| 155 | Southeast | Sao Paulo – SP | 120 | 16.6 | C | Korkes et al. [115] |
| 156 | Southeast | Catanduva – SP | 250 | 34.4 | C | Faleiros et al. [80] |
| 157 | Southeast | Presidente Prudente – SP | 1000 | 7.1 | C | Tashima and Simões [208] |
| 158 | Southeast | Sao Paulo – SP | 200 | 13.0 | C | Cimerman et al. [58] |
| 159 | Southeast | Sao Jose da Bela Vista – SP | 1032 | 0.2 | C | Tavares-Dias and Grandini [210] |
| 160 | Southeast | Botucatu – SP | 147 | 22.4 | C | Guimarães and Sogayar [102] |
| 161 | Southeast | Holambra – SP | 222 | 15.7 | C | Kobayashi et al. [114] |
| 162 | Southeast | Sao Paulo – SP | 407 | 1.5 | C | Ferreira et al. [88] |
| 163 | Southeast | Osasco – SP | 155 | 21.3 | Z | Aca et al. [2] |
| 164 | Southeast | Sao Paulo – SP | 395 | 25.8 | C | Guerra et al. [100] |
| 165 | Southeast | Guarulhos – SP | 913 | 21.9 | C | Chieffi et al. [56] |
| 166 | Southeast | Ribeirao Preto – SP | 1351 | 23.1 | C | Ferriolli-Filho [90] |
| Animal host | ||||||
| 167 | Southeast | Rio de Janeiro – RJ | 13 (bird – emu) | 23.1 | C and M | Gallo et al. [93] |
| 168 | Southeast | Rio de Janeiro – RJ | 1190 (non-human primate) | 33.4 | C | Barbosa et al. [18] |
| 169 | Southeast | Petropolis – RJ | 790 (pig) | 21.5 | C | Barbosa et al. [17] |
| 170 | Southeast | Sao Paulo – SP | 21 (rodent – mouse) | 9.5 | C | Chagas et al. [55] |
| 171 | Southeast | Bauru – SP | 47 (non-human primate) | 23.4 | C | David et al. [68] |
| 172 | Southeast | Botucatu – SP | 207 (bird) | 1.9 | C | Marietto-Gonçalves et al. [132] |
| 173 | Southeast | Sao Paulo – SP | 31 (canid – guara wolf) | 22.6 | C | Gilioli and Silva [95] |
| 174 | Southeast | Sao Paulo – SP | 103 (edentate – anteater) | 4.8 | C | Diniz et al. [71] |
| 175 | Northeast | CE – MA – PI – PE – BA | 340 (dog) | 3.8 | C | Zanetti et al. [217] |
| 176 | Northeast | Aracaju – SE | 44 (rodent – mouse) | 2.3 | C | Guimarães et al. [103] |
| 177 | Northeast | Lajes – RN | 64 (sheep) | 17.2 | C | Souza et al. [203] |
| 178 | Northeast | Itabuna – BA | 119 (dog) | 0.8 | C | Campos-Filho et al. [45] |
| 179 | Northeast | Recife – PE | 685 (bird) | 5.7 | C | Freitas et al. [92] |
| 180 | North | Sena Madureira – AC | 18 (bird) | 22.2 | C | Souza et al. [204] |
| 181 | Midwest | Caceres – MT | 120 (dog) | 15.8 | C | Rosales and Malheiros [173] |
| 182 | South | SC | 217 (goat) | 1.8 | C | Radavelli et al. [164] |
Abbreviations: MT – Mato Grosso; PR – Parana; PI – Piaui; RN – Rio Grande do Norte; PA – Para; MG – Minas Gerais; SE – Sergipe; BA – Bahia; MS – Mato Grosso do Sul; ES – Espirito Santo; RJ – Rio de Janeiro; PB – Paraiba; RS – Rio Grande do Sul; SP – Sao Paulo; CE – Ceara; AL – Alagoas; SC – Santa Catarina; DF – Federal District (capital of Brazil); MA – Maranhao; AP – Amapa; AM – Amazonas; RO – Rondonia; GO – Goias; AC – Acre; PE – Pernambuco. C – conventional method, based on detection by optical microscopy; M – molecular method, based on DNA detection; E – Elisa method, serology-based; Z – zymodema method, based on isoenzyme analysis.