Figure 3. Influence of ADARs and editing on cellular fate of RNAs.

A) A-to-I editing within coding regions can lead to codon changes, resulting in altered protein sequence and, potentially, changes in protein structure and function. B) Editing can affect splicing by disrupting the 3’ splice site or the branch point adenosine, or by creating novel 5’ or 3’ splice sites. C) A-to-I editing can interfere with miRNA biogenesis and processing. Editing can also alter miRNA specificity and binding to the 3’ UTRs of target genes. D) ADARs may cause nuclear retention of target transcripts, either by binding transcripts and competing with RNA shuttling factors or by editing transcripts, allowing them to be targeted and bound by the nuclear p54^nrb complex. E) Inosine-containing RNA can recruit the Vigilin complex, which promotes heterochromatic gene silencing. F) Certain endonucleases specifically target and cleave inosine-containing RNA, suggesting that editing may mark certain transcripts for degradation.