Table 2.
Bivariate analysis of factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) practice among mothers in Hail city, Saudi Arabia, 2019.
| Variables | Exclusive breastfeeding | OR (95% CI) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n = 266; 50.7%) | No (n = 220; 49.3%) | |||
| Sociodemographic characteristics of the mother | ||||
| Mother's age (years) | ||||
| <25 | 71(65.1) | 38 (34.9) | 1.00 [ref] | 0.005 |
| 25–29 | 56 (44.8) | 69 (55.2) | 0.43 (0.26–0.74) | 0.002 |
| 30–39 | 57 (44.5) | 71 (55.5) | 0.43 (0.25–0.73) | 0.002 |
| 40+ | 42 (50.0) | 42 (50.0) | 0.54 (0.30–0.96) | 0.035 |
| Mother's education | ||||
| Illiterate | 14 (53.8) | 12 (46.2) | 1 [ref] | 0.033 |
| Primary | 12 (54.5) | 10 (45.5) | 1.03 (0.33–3.22) | 0.961 |
| Middle | 23 (38.3) | 37 (61.7) | 0.53 (0.21–1.35) | 0.185 |
| Secondary | 59 (44.0) | 75 (56.0) | 0.67 (0.29–1.57) | 0.360 |
| University/higher | 118 (57.8) | 86 (42.2) | 1.18 (0.52–2.67) | 0.698 |
| Mother's employment status | ||||
| Working | 76 (56.3) | 59 (43.7) | 1 [ref] | 0.005 |
| Housewife | 119 (44.9) | 146 (55.1) | 0.63 (0.42–0.96) | 0.032 |
| Student | 31 (67.4) | 15 (32.6) | 1.60 (0.79–3.24) | 0.188 |
| Family income (SR) | ||||
| <3000 | 14 (93.3) | 1 (6.70) | 1 [ref] | |
| 3000–4999 | 26 (48.1) | 28 (51.9) | 0.07 (0.01–0.54) | 0.011 |
| 5000–9999 | 65 (44.2) | 82 (55.8) | 0.06 (0.01–0.44) | 0.006 |
| 10000–14999 | 89 (53.0) | 79 (47.0) | 0.08 (0.01–0.63) | 0.016 |
| ≥15000 | 32 (51.6) | 30 (48.4) | 0.08 (0.01–0.62) | 0.016 |
| Obstetric history and health service-related factors | ||||
| No. of pregnancies | ||||
| <3 | 37 (55.2) | 30 (44.8) | 1 [ref] | |
| 3-4 | 139 (53.9) | 119 (46.1) | 0.95 (0.55–1.63) | 0.844 |
| 5+ | 46 (40.7) | 67 (59.3) | 0.56 (0.30–1.02) | 0.060 |
| No. of children under 5 years | ||||
| ≤1 | 123 (55.2) | 100 (44.8) | 1 [ref] | |
| ≥2 | 103 (46.2) | 120 (53.8) | 0.70 (0.48–1.01) | 0.059 |
| History of breastfeeding the previous child | ||||
| Yes | 79 (63.7) | 113 (40.1) | 2.63 (1.70–4.06) | <0.001 |
| No | 45 (36.3) | 169 (59.9) | ||
| Information about the child under investigation | ||||
| Facility where antenatal care received | ||||
| Governmental | 210 (54.3) | 177 (45.7) | 3.19 (1.74–5.86) | <0.001 |
| Private | 16 (27.1) | 43 (72.9) | ||
| No. of antenatal visits | ||||
| <3 | 37 (55.2) | 30 (44.8) | 1 [ref] | |
| 3-4 | 139 (53.9) | 119 (46.1) | 0.95 (0.55–1.63) | 0.844 |
| 5+ | 46 (40.7) | 67 (59.3) | 0.56 (0.30–1.02) | 0.060 |
| Breastfeeding counseling received during antenatal care visits | ||||
| Yes | 184 (53.3) | 161 (46.7) | 1.58 (1.01–2.48) | 0.046 |
| No | 42 (42.0) | 58 (58.0) | 1 [ref] | |
| Place of delivery | ||||
| Governmental hospital | 206 (51.8) | 192 (48.2) | 1.68 (0.87–3.23) | 0.120 |
| Private hospital | 16 (39.0) | 25 (61.0) | 1 [ref] | |
| Mode of delivery | ||||
| CS | 12 (42.9) | 16 (57.1) | 1 [ref] | |
| Normal delivery | 213 (51.1) | 204 (48.9) | 1.39 (0.64–3.02) | 0.401 |
| Sex of the child | ||||
| Male | 118 (50.2) | 117 (49.8) | 1 [ref] | |
| Female | 108 (51.2) | 103 (48.8) | 1.04 (0.72–1.51) | 0.838 |
| Birth order of the child | ||||
| First born | 62 (58.5) | 44 (41.5) | 1 [ref] | |
| Second born | 59 (56.2) | 46 (43.8) | 0.91 (0.53–1.57) | 0.736 |
| Third and above | 105 (44.7) | 130 (55.3) | 0.57 (0.36–0.91) | 0.019 |
| Breastfeeding counseling received immediately after delivery | ||||
| Yes | 199 (56.2) | 155 (43.8) | 3.34 (2.01–5.54) | <0.001 |
| No | 25 (27.8) | 56 (72.2) | 1 [ref] | |
| Initiation of breastfeeding | ||||
| 1st hour | 71 (67.0) | 35 (33.0) | 2.42 (1.53–3.83) | <0.001 |
| >1 hour | 155 (45.6) | 185 (54.4) | 1 [ref] | |
| Received colostrum | ||||
| Yes | 204 (59.6) | 138 (40.4) | 5.51 (3.28–9.25) | <0.001 |
| No | 22 (21.2) | 82 (78.8) | 1 [ref] | |
| Prelacteal feeding | ||||
| Yes | 100 (44.8) | 123 (55.2) | 1 [ref] | 0.016 |
| No | 125 (56.3) | 97 (43.7) | 1.59 (1.09–2.30) | |
| Postnatal follow-up during puerperium | ||||
| Yes | 149 (62.3) | 35 (29.4) | 3.97 (2.48–6.38) | <0.001 |
| No | 90 (37.7) | 84 (70.6) | 1 [ref] | |
| Awareness and knowledge about breastfeeding | ||||
| Heard about EBF | ||||
| Yes | 77 (63.1) | 143 (44.1) | 2.17 (1.41–3.32) | <0.001 |
| No | 45 (36.9) | 181 (55.9) | 1 | |
| Know the meaning of EBF | ||||
| Breastfeeding only | 185 (51.5) | 174 (48.5) | 1.19 (0.75–1.91) | 0.460 |
| Other options | 41 (47.1) | 46 (52.9) | 1 | |
| What should be done with the colostrum | ||||
| Should be given | 193 (57.8) | 141 (42.2) | 3.28 (2.07–5.20) | <0.001 |
| Should be discarded | 33 (29.5) | 79 (70.5) | 1 | |