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. 2021 Mar 22;15:655947. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.655947

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Copyright © 2021 Marković, Vicario, Yavari, Salehinejad and Nitsche.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Model on how NIBS is thought to influence fear memory formation. Inhibitory NIBS of left dlPFC interferes with fear memory consolidation by downregulating the activity of the amygdala which, in turn, downregulates the hippocampus, which is responsible for memory consolidation, and ACC/insula, which are involved in the expression of fear responses. Excitatory NIBS of the right dlPFC boosts fear memory consolidation by upregulating the activity of amygdala, which, in turn, upregulates the activity of hippocampus and ACC/Insula.