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. 2021 Mar 22;8:648259. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.648259

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Copyright © 2021 Gesper, Nonnast, Kumowski, Stoehr, Schuett, Marx and Kappel.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effects of gut-derived metabolites on mitochondrial respiration in HL-1 cardiomyocytes. (A) Flowchart of mitochondrial stress testing by Seahorse Flux Analyzer. Oligomycin and FCCP were simultaneously added to the cells (stressed OCR). (B) Effects of gut-derived metabolites on mitochondrial function in HL-1 cardiomyocytes after 24 h incubation with substances. Basal oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of control cells was defined as 1.0. Basal OCR is the sum of three baseline measurements. All metabolites were displayed in relation to control or their vehicle (DMSO/ethanol). All results were verified in two independent replicates with N = 5/group. Data were shown as mean. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 by 2-way ANOVA with Dunnett post-hoc test. The black arrow indicates the most prominent effect on mitochondrial function of tested metabolites.