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. 2021 Mar 22;12:581726. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2021.581726

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Copyright © 2021 Saksena, Bonam and Miranda-Saksena.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Life-cycle of SARS-CoV-2 and vaccine strategies for COVID-19. (A) Life-cycle of SARS-CoV-2 in host cells: Virus uses the ACE2 receptors (along with other co-receptors) for their internalization. It uses clathrin pits for endocytosis (1) and endosomes for genetic material release (2). Once RNA is released, it uses host cytoplasmic content for their transcription (3), translation (4), and vacuole formation and budding (5) followed by exocytosis. (B) Vaccine strategies against COVID-19: Diversified vaccine strategies have been proposed; viral vector vaccines (1), DNA vaccines (2), RNA vaccines (3), live-attenuated vaccines (4), and protein/epitope-based vaccines (5). ACE2, angiotensin I converting enzyme 2; DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid; E, envelope; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; HE, hemagglutinin-esterase; M, membrane; N, nucleocapsid; RNA, ribonucleic acid; S, spike; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.