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. 2021 Mar 22;15:646468. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.646468

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Copyright © 2021 Shiromani, Blanco-Centurion and Vidal-Ortiz.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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A network map of neurons regulating waking, NREM and REM sleep has been derived from lesion, electrophysiology and c-FOS studies. New tools can further refine the model to include glia and determining how activity in small networks propagates across the brain. Ach, acetylcholine; BF, basal forebrain; CRF, corticotrophin releasing factor; DA, dopamine; DR, dorsal raphe; glut, glutamate; HA, histamine; LC, locus coeruleus; LH, lateral hypothalamus; MnPO, median preoptic area; NE, norepinephrine; NPY, neuropeptide Y; SLD, sublateral dorsal nucleus; TMN, tuberomammillary nucleus; vlPAG, ventral lateral periaqueductal gray; 5HT, serotonin.