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. 2021 Mar 22;15:589906. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.589906

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Copyright © 2021 Ferrari, Roda, Priori, De Luca, Facoetti, Ravera, Brandalise, Locatelli, Rossi and Bottone.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Apoptotic pathway investigated using immunocytochemistry after treatment with chemotherapeutics alone and combined with carbon ion irradiation at different doses. Double immunofluorescence detection of poly[ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 (PARP-1, red fluorescence) and α-tubulin (green fluorescence) in the controls, differently treated U251 cells, i.e., after 48-h continuous treatment (CT) with 40 μM cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (CDDP) or 10 μM (OC-6-44)-acetatodiamminedichlorido(2-(2-propynyl)octanoato)platinum(IV) [Pt(IV)Ac-POA], and in combined exposure conditions [40 μM CDDP or 10 μM Pt(IV)Ac-POA 48-h CT + 2 or 4 Gy carbon ion radiation]. DNA counterstaining with Hoechst 33258 (blue fluorescence). Scale bar, 20 μm.