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. 2021 Mar 22;15:589906. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.589906

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Copyright © 2021 Ferrari, Roda, Priori, De Luca, Facoetti, Ravera, Brandalise, Locatelli, Rossi and Bottone.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Recovered (REC) conditions after combined experimental protocol (chemotherapeutics exposure + carbon ion radiation). The left column shows phase-contrast micrographs of U251 cells cultured in flask sterile on slide in different experimental conditions before being processed for immunofluorescence reactions. The right column displays caspase-3 immunolabeling (red fluorescence) in the controls (CTR) and all different REC conditions, i.e., after 48-h continuous treatment (CT) with 40 μM cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (CDDP) or 10 μM (OC-6-44)-acetatodiamminedichlorido(2-(2-propynyl)octanoato)platinum(IV) [Pt(IV)Ac-POA] alone, after carbon ion irradiation (4 Gy dose) alone, or in combined exposure conditions [40 μM CDDP or 10 μM Pt(IV)Ac-POA 48-h CT + 2 or 4 Gy carbon ion radiation]. DNA counterstaining with Hoechst 33258 (blue fluorescence). Scale bar, 20 μm. Histograms (lower right part) represent the percentage values of caspase-3-immunopositive cells.