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. 2021 Mar 22;11:659048. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.659048

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Copyright © 2021 Šteňo, Buvala, Babková, Kiss, Toma and Lysak

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Right-sided frontal grade II oligo-astrocytoma (Left column)—3D T2-weighted navigation sequence (Middle column) 3D IOUS image fused with navigation MRI. The tip of the pointer (green line) points at small tumor residuum (green arrow) visualized by miniprobe inserted into the resection cavity. Red and orange lines: schematic depiction of the miniprobe position within the resection cavity during the scanning. Note that acoustic enhancement artifacts appeared when the distance between the probe-tip and the scanned tissue became larger (arrows) (Right column) The same intraoperative situation as shown in the middle column, 3D IOUS image was acquired after resection of identified tumor residuum. 3D, three-dimensional; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; IOUS, intraoperative ultrasound; S, hypoechoic saline solution within the resection cavity.