TABLE 1.
Substrate specificity, subcellular localization, and function of LACSs.
| Species | Protein | Substrate specificity | Subcellular localization | Function | References |
| Arabidopsis thaliana | AtLACS1 | 16:0, 16:1, 18:1,18:2, 20:0 (Shockey et al., 2002); 16:0, 18:0, 20:0, 22:0, 24:0, 26:0, 28:0, 30:0↑ (Lü et al., 2009) | ER | Wax, cutin, TAG, and tryphine | Lü et al., 2009; Zhao et al., 2010, 2019; Yang et al., 2017 |
| AtLACS2 | 16:0, 16:1, 18:1,18:2 (Shockey et al., 2002); 16:0, 16-OH16:0↑ (Schnurr et al., 2004); 16:0, 18:0, 20:0, 22:0, 24:0, 26:0, 28:0, 30:0 (Lü et al., 2009) | ER | Cutin, Wax, TAG, related with hypoxia response | Schnurr et al., 2004; Suh et al., 2005; Lü et al., 2009; Yang et al., 2017; Zhao et al., 2019 | |
| AtLACS3 | 16:0, 16:1↑, 18:1,18:2 | Unidentified | Unidentified | Shockey et al., 2002 | |
| AtLACS4 | 16:0, 16:1, 18:1,18:2↑ (Shockey et al., 2002) | ER | Wax, TAG, tryphine, and glycerolipid | Zhao et al., 2010, 2019; Jessen et al., 2011 | |
| AtLACS5 | 16:0, 16:1↑, 18:1, 18:2 (Shockey et al., 2002) | Unidentified | Unidentified | Shockey et al., 2002 | |
| AtLACS6 | 16:0, 16:1, 18:1, 18:2, 20:1↑ (Shockey et al., 2002); 14:0, 16:0, 18:1,18:2, 18:3 | Peroxisome | β-oxidation | Fulda et al., 2002 | |
| AtLACS7 | 16:0, 16:1, 18:1, 18:2, 20:1↑ (Shockey et al., 2002); 14:0, 16:0, 18:1↑, 18:2, 18:3, 20:1 (Fulda et al., 2002) | Peroxisome | β-oxidation | Fulda et al., 2002 | |
| AtLACS8 | 16:0, 16:1, 18:1,18:2 | ER | Wax and TAG | Shockey et al., 2002; Zhao et al., 2010, 2019 | |
| AtLACS9 | 16:0, 16:1, 18:1,18:2 | Plastid envelop | Wax, TAG, and glycerolipid | Shockey et al., 2002; Zhao et al., 2010, 2019 | |
| Brassica napus | BnLACS2 | 14:0, 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, 22:1 | ER | TAG | Ding et al., 2020 |
| Glycine max | GmACSL2 | 14:0, 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, 22:1 | Peroxisome | β-oxidation | Yu et al., 2014 |
| Gossypium hirsutum | GhACS1 | 14:0, 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, 20:0 | ER, PM | Microsporogenesis | Wang and Li, 2009 |
| Helianthus annuus | HaLACS1 | 16:1, 18:1, 18:2, 18:3 | Plastid envelop | Unidentified | Aznar-Moreno et al., 2014 |
| HaLACS2 | 16:0, 16:1, 18:1,18:2 | ER | Unidentified | Aznar-Moreno et al., 2014 | |
| Malus domestica | MdLACS2 | Unidentified | Unidentified | Wax | Zhang et al., 2020a |
| MdLACS4 | Unidentified | Unidentified | Wax | Zhang et al., 2020b | |
| Oryza sativa | OsLACS9 | Unidentified | Plastid envelope | Starch degradation | Kitajima-Koga et al., 2020 |
| Thalassiosira pseudonana | TpLACSA | 16:0, 18:3, 18:4, 20:4↑, 20:5↑, 22:6↑ | Unidentified | TAG | Tonon et al., 2005 |
| Zea mays | ZmCER8 | Unidentified | Unidentified | Wax | Zheng et al., 2019 |
| Linum usitatissimum | LuLACS8A | 18:1, 18:2, 18:3↑ | Unidentified | TAG | Xu et al., 2018 |
| Ricinus communis | RcACS2 | 12:0, 16:0, 18:1, 18:2, 18:3, 12-OH18:1↑, 11-OH12:0, 12-OH12:0 | Unidentified | TAG | He et al., 2007 |
| RcACS4 | Unidentified | Unidentified |
Arrows indicate the enhanced activity. LACSs, long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; TAG, triacylglycerol.