Table 1.
Summary Statistics and Effect Sizes for Pairwise Comparisons of Primary Outcomes
| Experiment 1 (walking) | Young (n = 10) | Older (n = 12) | P value | Cohen d (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ankle joint quasi-stiffness, N·m·kg−1·rad−1 | ||||
| Dorsiflexion phase | 2.91 (0.74) | 2.59 (0.86) | .376 | 0.40 (−0.45 to 1.24) |
| Dualflexion phase | 9.02 (2.42) | 8.93 (5.93) | .960 | 0.02 (−0.82 to 0.86) |
| Plantar flexion phase | 3.08 (0.63) | 2.68 (0.53) | .124 | 0.69 (−0.17 to 1.55) |
| Experiment 2 (isolated contractions) | Young (n = 9) | Older (n = 8) | P value | Cohen d (95% CI) |
|
| ||||
| Passive rotation | ||||
| Ankle joint quasi-stiffness, N·m/rad | 12.2 (5.9) | 10.7 (5.5) | .594 | 0.26 (−0.69 to 1.22) |
| Gastrocnemius stiffness, N/mm | 6.4 (3.4) | 7.3 (5.2) | .675 | 0.21 (−0.75 to 1.16) |
| Soleus stiffness, N/mm | 15.3 (9.5) | 18.1 (10.6) | .572 | 0.28 (−0.68 to 1.23) |
| 75% MVIC | ||||
| Ankle joint quasi-stiffness, N·m/rad | 120.0 (51.3) | 66.5 (29.1) | .020 | 1.28 (0.24 to 2.33) |
| Gastrocnemius stiffness, N/mm | 109.8 (66.7) | 53.1 (29.9) | .043 | 1.04 (0.08 to 2.12) |
| Soleus stiffness, N/mm | 277.5 (131.6) | 154.4 (82.3) | .038 | 1.12 (0.10 to 2.14) |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; MVIC, maximum voluntary isometric contraction. Note: Summary statistics shown are mean (SD). Bold values indicate significance at p < .05.