Table 2.
Baseline characteristics and progression of arterial stiffness of the study sample in relation to CVH categories.
| Variables | All participants (n = 1315) |
Number of ideal CVH metrics |
p | p for trend | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low, 0–1 (n = 138) | Medium, 2–3 (n = 655) | High, 4–5 (n = 522) | ||||
| Age, years | 49 ± 12 | 52 ± 9 | 51 ± 11 | 46 ± 12 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Male sex | 1005 (76.4%) | 134 (97.1%) | 572 (87.3%) | 299 (57.3%) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.6 ± 3.0 | 27.4 ± 2.1 | 25.6 ± 2.6 | 22.5 ± 2.4 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| SBP, mmHg | 123 ± 15 | 131 ± 12 | 128 ± 14 | 114 ± 13 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| DBP, mmHg | 75± 11 | 82 ± 9 | 79 ± 9 | 69 ± 10 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Heart rate, beats/minute | 67 ± 10 | 69 ± 10 | 67 ± 10 | 66 ± 10 | 0.03 | 0.02 |
| Hypertension | 438 (33.3%) | 80 (58.0%) | 296 (45.2%) | 62 (11.9%) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive medication | 303 (23.0%) | 58 (42.0%) | 206 (31.5%) | 39 (7.5%) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.71 ± 0.86 | 5.18 ± 0.97 | 4.82 ± 0.87 | 4.45 ± 0.71 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.86 ± 0.73 | 3.08 ± 0.85 | 2.95 ± 0.75 | 2.69 ± 0.63 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.23 ± 0.30 | 1.12 ± 0.23 | 1.17 ± 0.28 | 1.32 ± 0.31 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.30 (1.01) | 2.06 (1.47) | 1.49 (1.08) | 0.98 (0.65) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Lipid-lowering medication | 66 (5.0%) | 19 (13.8%) | 45 (6.9%) | 2 (0.4%) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| FPG, mmol/L | 5.18 ± 0.91 | 6.26 ± 1.45 | 5.19 ± 0.75 | 4.89 ± 0.66 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.7 ± 0.5 | 6.2 ± 0.8 | 5.7 ± 0.4 | 5.5 ± 0.4 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 108 (8.2%) | 50 (36.2%) | 53 (8.1%) | 5 (1.0%) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes medication | 47 (3.6%) | 27 (19.6%) | 19 (2.9%) | 1 (0.2%) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Current smoking | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 324 (24.6%) | 84 (60.9%) | 197 (30.1%) | 43 (8.2%) | ||
| Former for ≤ 12 months | 48 (3.7%) | 13 (9.4%) | 24 (3.7%) | 11 (2.1%) | ||
| Never or quit for >12 months | 943 (71.7%) | 41 (29.7%) | 434 (66.3%) | 468 (89.7%) | ||
| Current alcohol drinking | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 247 (18.8%) | 57 (41.3%) | 158 (24.1%) | 32 (6.1%) | ||
| Former for ≤ 12 months | 400 (30.4%) | 41 (29.7%) | 210 (32.1%) | 149 (28.5%) | ||
| Never or quit for >12 months | 668 (50.8%) | 40 (29.0%) | 287 (43.8%) | 341 (65.3%) | ||
| Creatinine, µmol/L | 75.6 ± 15.2 | 77.2 ± 11.7 | 79.0 ± 14.8 | 70.9 ± 15.4 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Uric acid, µmol/L | 357 ± 90 | 398 ± 86 | 380 ± 85 | 317 ± 81 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Number of ideal CVH metrics | 3 (2) | 1 (0) | 3 (1) | 4 (1) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| CVH score | 8 (3) | 4 (2) | 7 (2) | 9 (1) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| ABI | 1.11 ± 0.08 | 1.12 ± 0.08 | 1.12 ± 0.08 | 1.09 ± 0.08 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Baseline baPWV, cm/s | 1340 (321) | 1430 (214) | 1390 (322) | 1220 (242) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Follow-up baPWV, cm/s | 1400 (336) | 1500 (319) | 1470 (352) | 1290 (274) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Annual change in baPWV, cm/s per year | 15.0 (43.3) | 20.4 (50.5) | 15.0 (45.9) | 14.5 (39.5) | 0.17 | 0.93 |
Data are mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range), or number (%).
CVH, cardiovascular health; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; ABI, ankle–brachial index; baPWV, brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity.