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. 2021 Mar 31;14:309–316. doi: 10.2147/JAA.S299796

Table 1.

Clinical Characteristics of the Total Study Participants

Total Normosmia Olfactory Dysfunction P-value
n=146 (%) n=78 (%) n=68 (%)
Age*, years 59.25±14.35 56.18±14.33 62.78±13.65 0.005
Female 80 (54.8) 46(59) 34(50) 0.277
Body mass index*, kg/m2 23.9±3.87 24.26±4.39 23.5±3.19 0.235
Smoking status
 Never-smoker 92 (63) 50 (64.1) 42 (61.8) 0.915
 E-smoker 24 (16.4) 13 (16.7) 11 (16.2)
 Current smoker 30 (20.5) 15 (19.2) 15 (22.1)
Household income
 Low 19 (13) 9 (11.5) 10 (14.7) 0.57
 Middle-high 127 (87) 69 (88.5) 58 (85.3)
Education
 <High school 85 (58.2) 50 (64.1) 35 (51.5) 0.123
 ≥High school graduate 61 (41.8) 28 (35.9) 33 (48.5)
General health
 Fair, poor, good 113 (77.4) 55 (70.5) 58 (85.3) 0.033
 Excellent, very good 33 (22.6) 23 (29.5) 10 (14.7)
Allergic rhinitis 73 (50) 37 (47.4) 36 (52.9) 0.507
Chronic rhinosinusitis 78 (53.4) 33 (42.3) 45 (66.2) 0.004
Nasal polyps 28 (19.2) 10 (12.8) 18 (26.5) 0.037
Asthma duration*, months 101.17±79.33 87.7±65.61 116.43±90.54 0.033
Severe asthma 32 (21.9) 19 (24.4) 13 (19.1) 0.445
Life-threatening asthma exacerbation 7 (4.8) 0 (0) 7 (10.3) 0.004
FEV1*, % 78.0±19.76 75.91±20.23 73.97±19.3 0.556
Inhaled corticosteroid use 122 (84.1) 62 (80.5) 60 (88.2) 0.204
Intranasal steroid use 45 (30.8) 26 (33.3) 19 (27.9) 0.482
Atopy 76 (52.1) 40 (51.3) 36 (52.9) 0.841
Agreement between a questionnaire on olfaction and olfactory function tests
 Yes 100 (68.5) 50 (64.1) 50 (73.5) 0.221
 No 46 (31.5) 28 (35.9) 18 (26.5)

Note: *Data presented as mean ± standard deviation.

Abbreviation: FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second.