Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics of the Total Study Participants
| Total | Normosmia | Olfactory Dysfunction | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n=146 (%) | n=78 (%) | n=68 (%) | ||
| Age*, years | 59.25±14.35 | 56.18±14.33 | 62.78±13.65 | 0.005 |
| Female | 80 (54.8) | 46(59) | 34(50) | 0.277 |
| Body mass index*, kg/m2 | 23.9±3.87 | 24.26±4.39 | 23.5±3.19 | 0.235 |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never-smoker | 92 (63) | 50 (64.1) | 42 (61.8) | 0.915 |
| E-smoker | 24 (16.4) | 13 (16.7) | 11 (16.2) | |
| Current smoker | 30 (20.5) | 15 (19.2) | 15 (22.1) | |
| Household income | ||||
| Low | 19 (13) | 9 (11.5) | 10 (14.7) | 0.57 |
| Middle-high | 127 (87) | 69 (88.5) | 58 (85.3) | |
| Education | ||||
| <High school | 85 (58.2) | 50 (64.1) | 35 (51.5) | 0.123 |
| ≥High school graduate | 61 (41.8) | 28 (35.9) | 33 (48.5) | |
| General health | ||||
| Fair, poor, good | 113 (77.4) | 55 (70.5) | 58 (85.3) | 0.033 |
| Excellent, very good | 33 (22.6) | 23 (29.5) | 10 (14.7) | |
| Allergic rhinitis | 73 (50) | 37 (47.4) | 36 (52.9) | 0.507 |
| Chronic rhinosinusitis | 78 (53.4) | 33 (42.3) | 45 (66.2) | 0.004 |
| Nasal polyps | 28 (19.2) | 10 (12.8) | 18 (26.5) | 0.037 |
| Asthma duration*, months | 101.17±79.33 | 87.7±65.61 | 116.43±90.54 | 0.033 |
| Severe asthma | 32 (21.9) | 19 (24.4) | 13 (19.1) | 0.445 |
| Life-threatening asthma exacerbation | 7 (4.8) | 0 (0) | 7 (10.3) | 0.004 |
| FEV1*, % | 78.0±19.76 | 75.91±20.23 | 73.97±19.3 | 0.556 |
| Inhaled corticosteroid use | 122 (84.1) | 62 (80.5) | 60 (88.2) | 0.204 |
| Intranasal steroid use | 45 (30.8) | 26 (33.3) | 19 (27.9) | 0.482 |
| Atopy | 76 (52.1) | 40 (51.3) | 36 (52.9) | 0.841 |
| Agreement between a questionnaire on olfaction and olfactory function tests | ||||
| Yes | 100 (68.5) | 50 (64.1) | 50 (73.5) | 0.221 |
| No | 46 (31.5) | 28 (35.9) | 18 (26.5) |
Note: *Data presented as mean ± standard deviation.
Abbreviation: FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second.