PPD or OA administration activates Wnt/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. (A, B) Western blot analysis (A) and normalized protein levels (B) of the indicated protein markers of the Wnt/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway in the hippocampus of WT mice, APP/PS1 mice, and APP/PS1 mice treated with PPD or OA. PPD and OA significantly increased the p-GSK-3β(Ser9)/GSK-3β and β-catenin (active)/β-catenin ratios in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. n = 5–6 mice per group. Error bars represent the mean ± SD. ∗∗p < 0.01, compared with the WT group; ##p < 0.05, compared with the APP/PS1 group. PPD, 20(S)-protopanaxadiol; OA, oleanolic acid; WT, wild type; SD, standard deviation.