Table 1.
Staphylococcus aureus Molecules That Target Neutrophils and/or Neutrophil Functions
| Staphylococcus aureus molecule | Target molecule | Targeted function | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Staphylococcal enterotoxin-like toxin X (SEIX) | P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) | Recruitment | (45) |
| Staphylococcal superantigen-like 5 (SSL5) | P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) | Recruitment | (12) |
| Chemotaxis inhibitory protein of S. aureus (CHIPS) | Formyl peptide receptor (FPR), complement component fragment 5a receptor (C5aR) | Chemotaxis | (34) |
| Formyl peptide receptor-like 1 inhibitor (FLIPr, FLIPr-like) | Formyl peptide receptor-like 1 (FPRL1), formyl peptide receptor (FPR) | Chemotaxis | (135, 136) |
| Staphopain A (ScpA) | C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) | Chemotaxis | (93) |
| Capsule polysaccharide (Cps) | — | Phagocytosis | (121, 176) |
| Protein A (SpA) | IgG | Phagocytosis | (47, 84) |
| Second immunoglobulin-binding protein (Sbi) | IgG | Phagocytosis | (160) |
| Clumping factor A (ClfA) | — | Phagocytosis | (65) |
| α-Type phenol soluble modulin (PSMα) | Formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2), plasma membrane | PMN lysis | (130) |
| Panton–Valentine leukocidin (PVL) | Complement component fragment 5a receptor (C5aR1, C5aR2) | PMN lysis | (162) |
| Leukocidin ED (LukED) | C-X-C motif chemokine receptor (CXCR1, CXCR2), CCR5 | PMN lysis | (3, 140) |
| Leukocidin GH/AB (LukGH/LukAB) | CD11b | PMN lysis | (41, 182) |
| γ-Hemolysin AB, BC (HlgAB, HlgBC) | C-X-C motif chemokine receptor (CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR4), C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) | PMN lysis | (164) |
| Staphyloxanthin | Superoxide | ROS-mediated killing | (28, 105) |
| Superoxide dismutase (sodA, sodM) | Superoxide | ROS-mediated killing | (63) |
| Catalase (KatA) | Hydrogen peroxide | ROS-mediated killing | (110) |
| Alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (AhpCF) | Hydrogen peroxide | ROS-mediated killing | (30) |
| Staphylococcal peroxidase inhibitor (SPIN) | Myeloperoxidase (MPO) | ROS-mediated killing | (35) |
| Flavohaemoglobin (Hmp) | Nitrogen radicals | Nitrosative stress | (56, 141) |
| D-alanylation operon (Dlt) | — | Killing via AMPs | (131) |
| Peptidoglycan O-acetyltransferase (OatA) | — | Killing via AMPs | (10) |
| Multiple peptide resistance factor (MprF) | — | Killing via AMPs | (92, 129) |
| Staphylokinase | α-defensins | Killing via AMPs | (74) |
| Aureolysin | Cathelicidin LL37 | Killing via AMPs | (158) |
| Extracellular adherence protein (Eap), extracellular adherence protein homologue (EapH, EapH2) | Elastase, proteinase 3, and cathepsin G | Killing via AMPs | (167) |
| ABC transporter (VraFG) | — | Killing via AMPs | (99) |
| Nuclease | NETs | Trapping by NETs | (11) |
| Adenosine synthase A (AdsA) | NETs | Trapping by NETs | (177) |
AMPs, antimicrobial peptides; NETs, neutrophil extracellular traps; PMN, polymorphonuclear leukocyte; ROS, reactive oxygen species.