Table 1 -. Vaccine candidates currently in Clinical trials.
| Vaccine platform | Name | Institution | Country | Route | Details of platform | General safety and Advantages | Clinical Stage | Trial number |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inactivated virus | CoronaVac | Sinovac Biotech | China | i.m. | The SARS-CoV-2 virus inactivation + adjuvant. | Inactivated vaccines used throughout
the world with a generally excellent safety profile. Straightforward process; favorable safety and tolerability profile |
Ph III |
NCT04456595 NCT04582344 |
| BBIBP-CorV | Sinopharm/Beijing Institute | China | i.m. | Ph III | ChiCTR2000034780 | |||
| Unnamed | Sinopharm/Wuhan Institute | China | i.m. | Ph III | ChiCTR2000034780 | |||
| BBV152 | Bharat Biotech | India | i.m. | Ph III | CTRI/2020/11/028976 | |||
| Unnamed (Yunnan) | Chinese Acad. Of Medical Sciences | China | i.m. | Ph I/II | NCT04470609 | |||
| QazCovid-in | Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems | Kazakhstan | i.m. | Ph I/II | NCT04530357 | |||
| Unnamed | Beijing Minhai Biotech Co Ltd | China | i.m. | Ph I/II | ChiCTR2000039462 | |||
| Non-replicating viral vector (Adenovirus and MVA) | AZD1222 | Oxford/Astra Zeneca | UK | i.m. | Different Adenovirus expr. S glycoprotein ChAdOx1 (Chimp - Oxford), Ad5 (CanSino), Ad26 (J&J), RD-Ad5 (Altimune) | In general, safe and well tolerated;
concerns for immunocompromised individuals. Vector used in gene therapy & vaccination. Ad5 and Ad26 - high titer stable stocks. Ad26 - low preexisting antibodies to the vector. |
Ph III | ISRCTN89951424 |
| Ad5-nCov | CanSino Biological | China | i.m./ mucosal | Ph III Ph I |
NCT04526990 NCT04552366 |
|||
| Gam-COVID-Vac | Gamaleya Research Institute | Russia | i.m. | Ph III | NCT04530396 | |||
| Ad26.COV2-S | Janssen Pharmaceutical | USA | i.m. | Ph III | NCT04505722 | |||
| GRAd-COV2 | Pasteur/Thera/LEUKOCARE | Italy | i.m. 1-dose | Ph I | NCT04528641 | |||
| hAd5-S-Fusion+N-ETSD | ImmunityBio & NantKwest | USA | s.c. | Ph I | NCT04591717 | |||
| VXA-CoV2-1 | Vaxart | USA | oral | Ph I | NCT04563702 | |||
| MVA-SARS-2-S | Ludwig-Maximilians/Univ. of Munich | Germany | i.m. | Attenuated poxvirus expressing Spike | Safety attested by its use as against
smallpox. High immunogenicity including in the lungs. |
Ph I | NCT04569383 | |
| Replicating viral vector | DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT1 | Beijing Wantai Biological Pharmacy/Xiamen Univ. | China | i.n. | Flu-based vaccine expressing RBD | In general, safe and well tolerated | Ph II | ChiCTR2000039715 |
| rVSV-SARS-CoV-2-S | Israel Institute for Biological Research | Israel | i.m. | Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) expressing Spike | Severely attenuated. No prior immunity. High protein expression |
Ph I/II | NCT04608305 | |
| V590 | Merck Sharp & Dohme/IAVI | USA | i.m. | Ph I | NCT04569786 | |||
| TMV-083 | Institut Pasteur/ Themis Bioscience | France | i.m. | Live-attenuated measles vaccine expr. Spike |
In general, safe and well tolerated. Vector tested in chikungunya vaccine |
Ph I | NCT04497298 | |
| DNA | INO-4800 | Inovio Pharmaceuticals | USA | i.d. electro | Plasmid/Spike electroporation | Favorable safety and tolerability
profile. No DNA vaccines currently in use in humans. Fast design/manufacturing; no cold chain for storage/distribution. |
Ph I/II |
NCT04336410 NCT04447781 |
| AG0301-COVID19 | Osaka Univ./ AnGes/Takara Bio | Japan | i.m. | Plasmid/ Spike | Ph I/II |
NCT04463472 NCT04527081 |
||
| ZyCoV-D | Cadila Healthcare Limited | India | i.d. | Plasmid/ M protein | Ph I/II | CTRI/2020/07/026352 | ||
| GX-19 | Genexine Consortium | South Korea | i.m. | Plasmid/Spike | Ph I/II | NCT04445389 | ||
| bacTRL-Spike | Symvivo | Canada | oral | Plasmid/ Trim. Spike in Bifidobacterium |
Ph I | NCT04334980 | ||
| Protein subunit | NVX-CoV2373 | Novavax | USA/ Australia | i.m.d | Spike in nanoparticle and Matrix M adjuvant | Platforms showed safety in several
clinical trials for influenza and RSV. Well-established combination w/ adjuvants Fast design/production processes |
Ph III | NCT04611802 |
| RBD-Sc dimer | Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical | China | i.m.d | RBDs in fusion | Ph II | NCT04466085 | ||
| KBP-201 | Kentucky Bioprocessing | - | i.m. | RBD-based | Ph I/I | NCT04473690 | ||
| Unnamed | Sanofi Pasteur / GSK | USA | i.m. | Spike protein | Ph I/I | NCT04537208 | ||
| BECOV | Biological E Ltd | India | i.m. | RBD + adjuvant | Ph I/I | CTRI/2020/11/029032 | ||
| SCB-2019 | Clover Biopharm/GSK/ Dynavax | China | i.m.d | Trim. rSpike | Ph I | NCT04405908 | ||
| Covax-19 | GeneCure Biotechnologies/ Vaxine/ Medytox | USA/ Australia | i.m. | rSpike with Advax™ adjuvant (polysaccharide) | Ph I |
NCT04428073 NCT04453852 |
||
| Unnamed | Univ. Queensland/ CSL/ Seqirus | Australia | i.m. | Molecular clamp of viral antigens | Ph I | ACTRN12620000674932 NCT04495933 |
||
| MVC-COV1901 | Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corporation/NIAID/Dynavax | Taiwan | i.m. | S-2P protein + CpG 1018 | Ph I | NCT04487210 | ||
| FINLAY-FR-2 | Instituto Finlay de Vacunas, Cuba | Cuba | i.m. | RBD conjugated to tetanus toxoid | Ph I | IFV/COR/06 | ||
| FINLAY-FR-1 | Instituto Finlay de Vacunas, Cuba | Cuba | i.m. | RBD + adjuvant | Ph I | IFV/COR/04 IFV/COR/05 | ||
| EpiVacCorona | FBRI SRC VB VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo | Russia | i.m. | Peptide | Ph I | NCT04527575 | ||
| Unnamed | West China Hospital | China | i.m. | RBD + Alum | Ph I | ChiCTR2000037518 | ||
| CoVac-1 | University Hospital Tubingen | Germany | s.c. | SARS-CoV-2 HLA-DR peptides | Ph I | NCT04546841 | ||
| UB-612 | COVAXX / United Biomedical Inc. Asia | Taiwan | i.m. | Spike-RBD multiepitope | Ph I | NCT04545749 | ||
| VLP | RBD SARS-CoV-2 HBsAg VLP | SpyBiotech/Serum Institute of India | UK/India/ Australia | i.m. | HBsAg VLPs containing RBD | Technology shown safe in Ph III
trials for influenza vaccine. Stable, safe, preserves structure of viral particle |
Ph I/II | ACTRN12620000817943 |
| CoVLP | Medicago/GSK | Canada/USA | i.m. | VLP expr Spike w/ adjuvant. | Ph I | NCT04450004 | ||
| Others | AV-COVID-19 | Aivita Biomedical | USA | s.c. | Dendritic cells (DC) loaded w/ SARS-CoV-2 antigens | Platform tested in several trials for
cancer. DCs activate innate and adaptive immunity. |
Ph I/II | NCT04386252 |
| Covid-19/aAPC | Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Institute | China | s.c. | Artificial APC altered by lentivirus | Cells inactivated for proliferation. Safety tested |
Ph I | NCT04299724 | |
| AlloStim | Immunovative Therapies/ Mirror Biologics, Inc | USA | i.d. | Genetically attenuated SARS-CoV-2 | Bioengineered live vaccines - generally an excellent safety and tolerability | Ph I/II | NCT04441047 | |
| Heterologous protection | BCG Vaccine | Royal Children's Hosp/ Baylor College of Med./ Harvard Univ./ Max Planck Inst./ Hosp. Univ. Dr. Jose E. Gonzalez | UK/ USA/ Germany/ Brazil | i.d. | Live vaccines may confer non-specific effects, reducing morbidity and mortality from other infections | Approved use for humans Known manufacture | Ph IV |
NCT04327206 NCT04369794 NCT04439045 NCT04328441 NCT04384549 NCT04348370 NCT04461379 |
| Polio Vaccine | Bandim Health Project | Republic of Guinea-Bissau | oral | Ph IV | NCT04445428 | |||
| MMR Vaccine | Kasr El Aini Hospital, Louisiana State University | USA/ Netherlands/ Egypt | i.m. | Ph IV |
NCT04357028 NCT04475081 EudraCT2020-002456-21 |
Admin., administration; w/, with; exp., expressing; Ph, phase; i.m., intramuscular; i.n.; intranasal; i.d., intradermal; i.m.d, deltoid; electro., electroporation; LNP, lipid nanoparticle; RBD, receptor-binding domain; Trim., Trimeric; rSpike, recombinant Spike protein; Univ., University; Inst., Institute.