Fig. 1.

The phylogenomic tree and ancestral trait reconstruction of the snowfinches. (A) Sampling sites of three species of snowfinches used in this study. For (A) and (B), three snowfinch lineages are similarly color-coded. (B) The phylogenomic tree suggests that the snowfinches diverged from montan between 10 and 18 Ma. The black dot marks the calibration point (26.0 ± 3.0 Ma) in estimating divergence time. (C) Reconstruction of the ancestral traits for 27 species from Passeridae suggests that the ancestor of the snowfinches occupied a high-elevation environment (Left) and evolved a large body size (Right). The ancestral branch (ancestor), the representatives from three main lineages (adamsi, rufico, and taczan), and a lowland relative, the Eurasian tree sparrow (montan), are marked along the tree. Twenty-seven species in Passeridae are collapsed into seven genera. The point estimates and 95% CIs of traits reconstructed for common ancestors of given genera are shown in numerical values and bars. Note only the point estimates are shown for the genera that have a single species (i.e., Onychostruthus, Petronia, and Hypocryptadius). The size of the triangle is proportional to the number of species. Phenograms in the inset show the trait evolution of the 27 species (y axis) over time (x axis) based on ancestral trait reconstruction with 95% CIs shown as shades. (D and E) Accumulation of elevation disparity (D) and body mass disparity (E) through time for all species of Passeridae (yellow curve lines) and snowfinches (green curve lines). The gray and orange shaded areas indicate time ranges when snowfinches split from nonsnowfinches and snowfinches diversified, respectively. Note that the divergence time of snowfinches in Päckert et al. (24) (C, D, and E) slightly differs from our phylogenomic tree in B.