Table 1.
Quantification of EEG, EMG, and EOG characteristics via analyzing 3-second mini-epochs during REM sleep, wakefulness, sleep paralysis, and lucid dreaming episodes.
| SP* | REM* | W* | LD** | P Value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SP vs REM | SP vs W | REM vs W | SP vs LD | |||||
| Mini-epochs, No. | 178 | 185 | 198 | 119 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Electroencephalography, % of the mini-epochs | ||||||||
| Alpha | 29.2 | 10.3 | 78.8 | 12.7 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.001 |
| Theta | 70.8 | 89.7 | 21.2 | 87.3 | ||||
| Chin surface electromyography, % of the mini-epochs | ||||||||
| Enhanced muscle tone | 6.2 | 10.3 | 66.7 | 14.3 | 0.157 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.019 |
| Muscle atonia | 93.8 | 89.7 | 33.3 | 85.7 | ||||
| Electrooculography, % of the mini-epochs | ||||||||
| REMs | 6.9 | 11.9 | 8.1 | 8.4 | 0.291 | 0.877 | 0.213 | 0.669 |
| No REMs | 93.1 | 88.1 | 91.9 | 91.6 | ||||
*These 3-second mini-epochs are extracted from the measures in Patient #1 and in Patient #3; **these 3-second mini-epochs of lucid REM sleep are extracted from 4 patients with narcolepsy. EEG = electroencephalography, EMG = electromyography, EOG = electro-oculography; LD = lucid dreaming, REM = REM sleep, REMs = rapid eye movements, SP = sleep paralysis, W = wakefulness.