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. 2021 Mar 22;12:642152. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.642152

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Copyright © 2021 Balboa, Iworima and Kieffer

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Multistage differentiation protocol to generate functional islet cells from human pluripotent stem cells. Current islet cell differentiation protocols mimic pancreatic developmental stages. Here we represent the commonly used stages [based on (121)], with their usual duration in days, together with cell markers used for the characterization of the differentiated cells (black text) and the cocktails of signaling molecules utilized to induce differentiation (gray text; FGF7, fibroblast growth factor 7; VitC, vitamin C, ascorbic acid; RA, retinoic acid; SANT, SANT-1, a sonic hedgehog signaling inhibitor; LDN, LDN-193189, a BMP inhibitor; EGF, epidermal growth factor; Nic, nicotinamide; ALK5i, a TGF-beta inhibitor; GSiXX, gamma secretase inhibitor used to inhibit Notch signaling; BTC, betacellulin; T3, triiodothyronine; NAC, N-Acetylcysteine).