Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 based on adiposity indexes
| Total (215) | Abdominal obesity | BMI classes | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No 102 (47%) | Yes 113 (53%) | p-value | Normal weight n = 74, (34%) | Overweight n = 87, (41%) | Obesity n = 54, (25%) | p-value | ||
| Demographic information | ||||||||
| Age, yearsa, no. (%) | 62.7 ± 14.05 | 61.6 ± 15.0 | 63.7 ± 13.1 | 0.275 | 63.6 ± 14.8 | 63.9 ± 13.7 | 59.6 ± 13.4 | 0.169 |
| < 40 | 12 (6) | 9 (9) | 3 (3) | 5 (7) | 5 (6) | 2 (4) | ||
| (40–50] | 26 (12) | 13 (13) | 13 (11) | 8 (11) | 7 (8) | 11 (20) | ||
| (50–60] | 57 (26) | 25 (24) | 32 (28) | 15 (20) | 22 (25) | 20 (37) | ||
| (60–70] | 49 (23) | 22 (22) | 27 (24) | 20 (27) | 22 (25) | 7 (13) | ||
| > 70 | 71 (33) | 33 (32) | 38 (34) | 26 (35) | 31 (36) | 14 (26) | ||
| Gender, no. (%) | 0.129 | 0.001 | ||||||
| Male | 145 (67) | 74 (73) | 71 (63) | 38 (51) | 65 (75) | 42 (78) | ||
| Female | 70 (33) | 28 (27) | 42 (37) | 36 (49) | 22 (25) | 12 (22) | ||
| Race, no. (%) | 0.132* | 0.909* | ||||||
| Caucasian | 191 (89) | 92 (90) | 99 (88) | 66 (89) | 77 (89) | 48 (89) | ||
| Latin-American | 12 (6) | 4 (4) | 8 (7) | 3 (4) | 5 (6) | 4 (7) | ||
| African | 4 (2) | 0 (0) | 4 (3) | 1 (1) | 2 (2) | 1 (2) | ||
| Asian | 4 (2) | 3 (3) | 1 (1) | 3 (4) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | ||
| Arabic | 4 (2) | 3 (3) | 1 (1) | 1(1) | 2 (2) | 1 (2) | ||
| Smoke, no. (%) | 0.648* | 0.932* | ||||||
| Current smoker | 28 (13) | 12 (12) | 16 (14) | 9 (12) | 14 (16) | 5 (9) | ||
| Former smoker | 4 (2) | 1 (1) | 3 (3) | 1 (1) | 2 (2) | 1 (1) | ||
| Never smoked | 147 (68) | 71 (70) | 76 (67) | 51 (69) | 61 (70) | 35 (64) | ||
| NA | 36 (17) | 18 (17) | 18 (16) | 13 (18) | 10 (12) | 13 (24) | ||
| Anthropometric measurements | ||||||||
| Weight (kg)a | 79.6 ± 16.6 | 71.5 ± 12.7 | 86.9 ± 16.4 | < 0.001 | 64.5 ± 9.5 | 80.7 ± 8.9 | 98.5 ± 13.4 | < 0.001 |
| Height (cm)a | 170.0 ± 10.0 | 169 ± 10 | 170 ± 10 | 0.379 | 169 ± 10 | 171 ± 10 | 169 ± 10 | 0.335 |
| Waist (cm)a | 99.7 ± 13.4 | 89.4 ± 9.2 | 109.0 ± 9.1 | < 0.001 | 88.2 ± 10.8 | 101.5 ± 8.4 | 112.4 ± 10.0 | < 0.001 |
| Waist male (cm)a | 103.0 ± 12.1 | 93.3 ± 7.2 | 112.3 ± 7.6 | < 0.001 | 91.7 ± 10.1 | 102 ± 7.3 | 113.3 ± 10.4 | < 0.001 |
| Waist female (cm)a | 93.7 ± 14.2 | 79.1 ± 5.3 | 103.4 ± 8.9 | < 0.001 | 84.5 ± 10.3 | 100.0 ± 11.2 | 109.4 ± 7.9 | < 0.001 |
| WHtRa | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 | 0.5 ± 0.06 | 0.6 ± 0.05 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2)a | 27.5 ± 4.9 | 24.9 ± 3.7 | 29.8 ± 4.7 | < 0.001 | 22.6 ± 1.8 | 27.5 ± 1.3 | 34.0 ± 3.5 | < 0.001 |
| Adiposity status | ||||||||
| Abdominal obesity, no. (%) | < 0.001 | |||||||
| Yes | 113 (53) | – | – | – | 17 (23) | 49 (56) | 47 (87) | |
| No | 102 (47) | – | – | – | 57 (77) | 38 (44) | 7 (13) | |
| BMI classes, no. (%) | < 0.001 | |||||||
| Normal weight | 74 (34) | 57 (56) | 17 (15) | – | – | – | – | |
| Overweight | 87 (41) | 38 (37) | 49 (43) | – | – | – | – | |
| General obesity | 54 (25) | 7 (7) | 47 (42) | – | – | – | – | |
| Comorbidities, no. (%) | ||||||||
| Hypertension | 87 (41) | 40 (39) | 47 (42) | 0.751 | 19 (26) | 41 (47) | 27 (50) | 0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 31 (14) | 10 (10) | 21 (19) | 0.067 | 7 (9) | 15 (17) | 9 (17) | 0.320 |
| Ischemic cardiomyopathy | 16 (7) | 9 (9) | 7 (6) | 0.447 | 4 (5) | 9 (10) | 3 (5) | 0.570 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 13 (6) | 7 (7) | 6 (5) | 0.646 | 5 (7) | 7 (8) | 1 (2) | 0.459* |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | 10 (5) | 5 (5) | 5 (4) | 1.000* | 4 (5) | 4 (5) | 2 (1) | 0.9179* |
| Chronic Kidney Failure | 8 (4) | 5 (5) | 3 (2) | 0.478* | 3 (4) | 2 (2) | 3 (5) | 0.465* |
| Bronchial asthma | 5 (2) | 2 (2) | 3 (2) | 1.000* | 1 (1) | 4 (5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.295* |
| Chronic heart failure | 5 (2) | 1 (1) | 4 (4) | 0.372 | 0 (0.00) | 4 (5) | 1 (3) | 0.195 |
| Clinical features, no. (%) | ||||||||
| Chest x-ray | ||||||||
| CXR severity scoreb | 7 (4–10) | 6 (3–9) | 9 (6–11) | < 0.001 | 7 (3–10) | 7 (5–10) | 9 (5–11) | 0.104 |
| High CXR severity score (≥ 8), no. (%) | 103 (48) | 36 (35) | 67 (59) | 0.001 | 33 (45) | 39 (45) | 31 (57) | 0.271 |
| Biochemical inflammation marker | ||||||||
| Interleukin 6 (pg/mL)b | 87 (23–357) | 32 (11–145) | 150 (55–693) | < 0.001 | 44 (9–211) | 80 (28–320) | 181 (55–814) | < 0.001 |
| SpO2 at admissionb | 95% (91–96) | 95% (92–96) | 94% (89–95) | 0.792 | 95% (92–97) | 95%(91–96) | 94% (92–96) | 0.638 |
| Oxygen therapy, no. (%) | 0.249 | 0.215* | ||||||
| Mild, O2 not necessary | 37 (17) | 23 (22) | 14 (12) | 16 (22) | 14 (16) | 7 (13) | ||
| Moderate, O2 necessary | 124 (58) | 57 (56) | 67 (60) | 41 (55) | 53 (61) | 30 (55) | ||
| Severe, CPAP necessary | 44 (20) | 19 (19) | 25 (22) | 11 (15) | 19 (22) | 14 (26) | ||
| Critical, needs intubation in ICU | 10 (5) | 3 (3) | 7 (6) | 6 (8) | 1 (1) | 3 (6) | ||
| ICU, no. (%) | 12 (6) | 5 (5) | 7 (6) | 0.439 | 6 (8) | 2 (2) | 4 (7) | 0.207* |
| Days of hospitalizationa | 21.3 ± 13.6 | 20.3 ± 11.1 | 21.5 ± 12.8 | 0.468 | 20.1 ± 13.5 | 20.6 ± 11 | 22.2 ± 11.2 | 0.601 |
| Death, no. (%) | 4 (2) | 0 (0) | 4 (4) | 0.124* | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 2 (4) | 0.540* |
No abdominal obesity (Waist circumference < 102 cm for males, < 88 cm for females); Abdominal obesity (waist circumference ≥ 102 cm for males, ≥ 88 cm for females); Normal weight (BMI from 18.5 to < 25 kg/m2); Overweight (BMI from 25 to < 30 kg/m2); Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2). Not available (NA); Body Mass Index (BMI); Waist-to-height ratio (WHtR); Chest x-ray (CXR); Interleukin 6 normal value < 10 pg/mL; Oxygen saturation at admission (SpO2)
Categorial variables presented as number (percentage), and continuous variables as mean (± SD)a or median (interquartile range)b. To compare variables between different groups, the χ2 test or *Fisher’s exact test was used for categorial variables