. 2021 Feb 26;9(4):2234–2246. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.2197

TABLE 3.

Multivariate regression models, salt excretion, and prevalence of excess intake by sociodemographic and anthropometric categories

	n	Urinary sodium (mmol/d)	Salt excretion (g/d)	Unadjusted analysis ^a		Adjusted analysis ^b		Prevalence of excessive salt intake
	n	Urinary sodium (mmol/d)	Salt excretion (g/d)	Diff ^c	95% CI ^d	Diff ^c	95% CI ^d	>5 g/d ^e	>6 g/d	>8 g/d	>10 g/df
Gender		P ^g = .001		P ^h = .001		P ^h < .0001	P ⁱ = .31	P ⁱ = .20	P ⁱ = .030	P ⁱ = .024
Men	88	150.8 ± 49.3 ^j	8.8 ± 2.8	‐		‐		89.8	79.6	60.2	65.9
Women	106	128.0 ± 41.6	7.5 ± 2.4	−1.3	−2.1, −0.6	−1.6	−2.4, −0.7	84.9	71.7	44.3	34.1
BMI (kg/m²)		p =.40		p =.40		p =.10	p =.20	p =.28	p =.91	p =.72
< 25	53	132.0 ± 41.2	7.7 ± 2.4	‐		‐		86.8	69.8	49.1	28.3
≥25 & <30	66	137.7 ± 50.9	8.1 ± 3.0	0.3	−0.7, 1.3	0.6	−0.4, 1.5	81.8	72.7	53.0	22.7
≥30	75	143.3 ± 46.1	8.4 ± 2.7	0.7	−0.3, 1.6	1.1	0.1, 2.0	92.0	81.3	52.0	28.0
Age (years)		p =.50		p =.50		p =.30	p =.30	p =.76	p =.48	p =.96
24–34	38	131.8 ± 38.4	7.7 ± 2.2	‐		‐		81.6	73.7	42.1	29.0
35–44	55	142.8 ± 48.9	8.4 ± 2.9	0.6	−0.5, 1.8	0.5	−0.7, 1.7	90.9	80.0	56.4	25.5
45–54	71	141.6 ± 49.8	8.3 ± 2.9	0.6	−0.5, 1.7	0.0	−1.1, 1.2	90.1	74.7	54.9	26.8
>55	30	130.8 ± 43.5	7.7 ± 2.5	−0.1	−1.4, 1.3	−0.7	−2.0, 0.7	80.0	70.0	46.7	23.3
Marital status		p =.74		p =.74		p =.212	p =.84	p =.67	p =.40	p =.80
Yes	173	137.9 ± 46.8	8.1 ± 2.7	‐		‐		87.3	75.7	52.6	26.3
No	21	141.5 ± 45.6	8.3 ± 2.7	0.2	−1.0, 1.5	0.8	−0.5, 2.1	85.7	71.4	42.9	28.6
Professional activity		p =.013		p =.012		p =.157	p =.016	p =.081	p =.062	p =.042
Yes	98	146.5 ± 48.4	8.6 ± 2.8	‐		‐		92.9	80.6	58.1	32.7
No	96	129.9 ± 43.2	7.6 ± 2.5	−1.0	−1.7, −0.2	−0.6	−1.5, 0.2	81.3	69.8	44.8	19.8
Level of instruction		p =.12		p =.12		p =.020	p =.41	p =.34	p =.11	p =.12
No formal schooling	18	130.4 ± 48.2	7.6 ± 2.8	−0.2	−1.6, 1.2	0.3	−1.1, 1.7	77.8	61.1	38.9	33.3
Primary school	68	147.8 ± 50.5	8.6 ± 3.0	0.8	−0.01, 1.6	1.2	0.4, 2.0	89.7	77.9	61.8	33.8
Secondary or more	106	133.9 ± 43.4	7.8 ± 2.5	‐		‐		86.8	75.5	48.1	20.8

^{^a}

Unadjusted analysis: association of each covariate with salt intake in g/day.

^{^b}

Adjusted analysis: multivariate model for salt intake including socioeconomic and anthropometric characteristics of subjects.

^{^c}

Unadjusted or adjusted difference between category and reference category as regards the salt intake.

^{^d}

p = .95 confidence interval.

^{^e}

WHO recommendation for salt intake.

^{^f}

Upper limit for salt intake.

^{^g}

Unadjusted or adjusted p‐value for comparison of urinary sodium excretion (or corresponding salt intake) means between categories of socioeconomic and anthropometric characteristics of subjects.

^{^h}

Unadjusted or adjusted p‐value for association of salt intake between categories of socioeconomic and anthropometric characteristics of subjects.

^ⁱ

p‐value for comparison of percentage of excess salt intake based on different cutoffs.

^{^j}

Geometric mean ± standard deviation.