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. 2021 Mar 8;6(5):e140267. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.140267

Figure 1. Distribution of inocula after administration to the URT or TRT.

Figure 1

(A) Mice (n = 10/group) were i.n. inoculated with 0.125% Evans blue dye in PBS (10 μL URT inoculation or 50 μL TRT inoculation). Representative images of nasal turbinates (NT), lungs, and stomach dissected 2 minutes later are shown in comparison with an untreated control. (B) Supernatants from homogenized lungs and stomach were treated with trichloroacetic acid with absorbance measured at 620 nm. Concentrations of dye were interpolated from a standard curve. (C) Mice (n = 5/group) were infected with 500 PFU of Udorn IAV in 10 μL. Viral titers in NT and lungs were determined in an MDCK plaque assay. (D) The immunostimulatory activity of URT-inoculated INNA-X (5 nmol) was determined in mice (n = 5/group) by measuring cytokine levels by multiplex bead array 1 day after treatment. Statistical analysis was performed using a (B) Welch t test, (C) 2-way ANOVA with a Bonferroni post hoc test (relative to diluent-treated mice) and (D) multiple-comparison Holm-Sidak t test.*P < 0.01, **P < 0.001.