Table 2. Mean ± standard deviation of plaque accumulation and cell viability.

Biological characteristics	Plaque accumulation 106 (CFU/mL)	Cell viability (%)
Groups
Conventional	7.89 ± 0.28 b	91.18 ± 7.63 ab
Subtractive	7.63 ± 0.25 b	81.20 ± 10.82 a
Additive	8.24 ± 0.28 a	97.64 ± 6.58 b
ES*	0.60	0.42
P†	<0.001	0.007

*: Partial eta squared (η_p²) effect size.

^†: P-value for one-way ANOVA F test.

Mean values with different letters in superscript were statistically significant (Tukey’s post-hoc test).