Table 1.
Characteristics of countries included in the analysis.
| Country characteristics | N | Mean (SD) | Min | Max |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GDP per capita ($US, 2019) | 73 | 25,113 (24,154) | 858 | 114,705 |
| Population density (pop per km2) | 73 | 264 (943) | 3.2 | 7,953 |
| Urban population (%) | 73 | 72 (17) | 21 | 100 |
| Demographics and health | ||||
| Life expectancy at birth (years) | 73 | 78 (4.6) | 64.0 | 84.0 |
| Proportion over 65 years (%) | 73 | 14 (6.2) | 3.4 | 28.0 |
| Proportion over 80 years (%) | 73 | 3.5 (2.0) | 0.5 | 8.7 |
| Elderly dependency ratio (% of adults) | 73 | 22 (9.9) | 4.8 | 47.0 |
| Prevalence of smoking (%) | 73 | 24 (8.8) | 4.4 | 43.0 |
| Prevalence of overweight (% of adults) | 73 | 54 (13) | 18.0 | 70.0 |
| Health system capacity | ||||
| Hospital beds (n. per 1,000 pop) | 73 | 3.6 (2.5) | 0.3 | 13.0 |
| Healthcare workers (n. per 1,000 pop) | 73 | 9.7 (5.7) | 0.8 | 23.0 |
| Doctors (n. per 1,000 pop) | 73 | 2.8 (1.4) | 0.1 | 7.1 |
| Nurses (n. per 1,000 pop) | 73 | 6.9 (4.9) | 0.4 | 19.0 |
| Out-of-pocket health expenditure (%) | 73 | 29 (16) | 7.8 | 74.0 |
| Health expenditure (% of GDP) | 73 | 7.4 (2.7) | 1.2 | 17.0 |
| Pandemic-specific data* | ||||
| Number of confirmed cases | 73 | 395,125 (1,127,817) | 1,068 | 6,804,814 |
| Number of deaths | 73 | 12,584 (30,974) | 10 | 199,509 |
| Testing coverage (n. test per 1 million pop) | 73 | 155,884 (190,681) | 1,314 | 1,253,796 |
| Time since first case (days) | 73 | 213 (20) | 185 | 294 |
| Time since first death (days) | 73 | 188 (15) | 163 | 253 |
| Cultural dimensions** | ||||
| Individualism vs. collectivism | 73 | 44 (23) | 8 | 91 |
| Uncertainty avoidance | 73 | 69 (22) | 8 | 112 |
| Indulgence vs. restraint | 73 | 47 (22) | 0 | 100 |
| Long-term vs. short-term normative orientation | 73 | 47 (23) | 7 | 100 |
| Masculinity vs. femininity | 73 | 48 (20) | 5 | 110 |
| Power distance index | 73 | 60 (22) | 11 | 104 |
| Political dimensions*** | ||||
| Polity (democracy vs. authoritarianism) | 73 | 6.7 (4.8) | –7.0 | 10.0 |
Characteristics of 73 countries included in the analysis.
*
Pandemic-related data is collected at the last follow-up date (September 20, 2020).
**
Cultural dimensions: higher values reflect a stronger attachment for one cultural dimension relative to its complement (e.g., a higher value on individualism vs. collectivism dimension indicates a stronger preference for individualism relative to collectivism).
***
Polity is a measure of regime type in each country ranging from democracy to authoritarianism.