Table 1.
Summary of UPSIDE biospecimen collections
| Prenatal (trimesters) | Birth | Infant/child postnatal (months) | ||||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 6 | 12 | 24 | 36 | 48 | ||
| Blood | ||||||||||
| Serum | M | M | M | UC | ||||||
| Plasma | M | M | M | UC | C | C | C | |||
| Whole blood | M | |||||||||
| Red blood cells | M | M | M | C | C | C | ||||
| Urine | M | M | M | C | C | C | C | |||
| Saliva | ||||||||||
| Diurnal (5x/day) | M | M | M | |||||||
| Stress response | C | C | C | C | ||||||
| Oral microbiome | M | M | M | C | C | C | C | |||
| Vaginal swab | M | |||||||||
| Placental tissue | P | |||||||||
| Buccal swab | M | C | C | C | ||||||
| Rectal swab | C | C | C | C | C | |||||
| Stool | C | C | ||||||||
| Breast milk | M | M | ||||||||
| Nails | C | C | ||||||||
C, child; M, maternal; P, placenta; UC, umbilical cord (artery and vein); UPSIDE, Understanding Pregnancy Signals and Infant Development.