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. 2021 Mar 23;12:621532. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.621532

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Intestinal dysbiosis and autoimmune pancreatitis. Intestinal dysbiosis activates plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) which produce IFN-α and IL-33. Klebsiella pneumoniae and microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) activate pancreatic pDCs to produce IFN-α and IL-33. Recognition of MAMPs by toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and exposure to short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and bile acids may lead to IL-33 production by M2 macrophages. Accumulation of pDCs and M2 macrophages in the pancreas causes infiltration of immune cells including IgG4-expressing plasmacytes, B cells, and T cells, destruction of acinar architecture, and fibrosis.