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. 2021 Mar 23;12:649462. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.649462

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Copyright © 2021 Abd el-Rady, Dahpy, Ahmed, Elgamal, Hadiya, Ahmed, Sayed, Abdeltawab, Abdelmohsen, Farrag, Ashmawy, Khairallah and Galal.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Sections from the fundic mucosa demonstrating immunohistochemical reactivity to TNF-α in the different studied groups. (A) the control group shows weak TNF-α immunoreaction in the gastric mucosa. (B) IND-treated group shows highly positive TNF-α immunoreaction especially in the basal glands (curved arrow). (C) PLN-treated group shows weak positive TNF-α immunoreaction (curved arrow). (D) PPE-treated group showing mild positive TNF-α immunoreaction especially in surface epithelium (Immunostaining for TNF-α × 200, scale bar = 50 μm). (E) quantitative analysis of the mean count of TNF-α immunopositive cells in the fundic mucosa of the studied groups. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Kruskal-Wallis H test followed by the Mann-Whitney U tests were used for analyzing the results. ^asignificant as compared to the control group (p ≤ 0.05). ^bsignificant as compared to IND-treated group (p ≤ 0.05), ^csignificant as compared to PPE-treated group (p ≤ 0.05).