Table 1. Clinical characteristics of participants in the 2012 and 2017 surveys.
| Variables | Overall subjects | Men | Women | |||
| Survey in 2012 | Survey in 2017 | Survey in 2012 | Survey in 2017 | Survey in 2012 | Survey in 2017 | |
| (n = 1,371) | (n = 1,597) | (n = 601) | (n = 706) | (n = 770) | (n = 891) | |
| Age, years | 74.2 (6.5) | 74.1 (6.7) | 74.1 (6.3) | 73.9 (6.6) | 74.3 (6.6) | 74.2 (6.7) |
| Sex, women, % | 56.2 | 55.8 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |
| Height, cm | 154.2 (8.9) | 155.5 (9.3)** | 161.6 (6.1) | 163.3 (6.5)** | 148.4 (6.0) | 149.4 (6.1)** |
| Weight, kg | 55.4 (10.1) | 56.6 (10.7)** | 60.9 (9.1) | 62.7 (9.4)** | 51.0 (8.5) | 51.7 (9.0) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.2 (3.3) | 23.3 (3.4) | 23.3 (3.0) | 23.5 (3.0) | 23.1 (3.5) | 23.2 (3.7) |
| Obesity, % | 26.1 | 29.2 | 25.0 | 28.5 | 27.0 | 29.7 |
| Leanness, % | 6.4 | 6.6 | 5.2 | 3.9 | 7.4 | 8.7 |
| Living alone, % | 10.0 | 12.9* | 5.2 | 7.1 | 13.7 | 17.5* |
| Hypertension, % | 70.8 | 68.1 | 71.8 | 70.3 | 70.0 | 66.3 |
| Diabetes, % | 24.6 | 26.1 | 30.9 | 33.3 | 19.7 | 20.4 |
| Hypercholesterolemia, % | 55.3 | 63.6** | 40.8 | 48.8** | 66.7 | 75.3** |
| Serum albumin, g/dL | 4.1 (0.2) | 4.2 (0.3)** | 4.1 (0.3) | 4.2 (0.3)** | 4.1 (0.2) | 4.3 (0.3)** |
| History of CVD or cancer, % | 27.4 | 27.2 | 36.9 | 33.4 | 20.0 | 22.3 |
| Cognitive impairment, % | 20.1 | 17.8 | 21.5 | 18.3 | 19.0 | 17.4 |
| History of fracture, % | 36.7 | n.a. | 36.1 | n.a. | 37.1 | n.a. |
| ADL disability, % | 5.8 | 7.6 | 5.0 | 5.8 | 6.4 | 9.0 |
| Smoking habits, % | 8.3 | 8.3 | 16.0 | 14.8 | 2.2 | 3.2 |
| Alcohol intake, % | 41.1 | 43.4 | 63.2 | 66.7 | 23.9 | 25.0 |
| Regular exercise, % | 18.9 | 21.3 | 21.2 | 24.4 | 17.1 | 18.8 |
| Total energy intake, kcal/day | 1,531 (338) | 1,733 (387)** | 1,669 (358) | 1,875 (399)** | 1,423 (276) | 1,620 (336)** |
| Energy balance, % of total energy intake | ||||||
| Protein, % | 12.4 (1.9) | 14.3 (2.3)** | 12.0 (1.9) | 13.5 (2.2)** | 12.8 (1.9) | 15.0 (2.0)** |
| Fat, % | 25.3 (5.1) | 31.0 (5.7)** | 24.2 (4.8) | 28.9 (5.6)** | 26.2 (5.1) | 32.7 (5.3)** |
| Carbohydrate, % | 57.1 (7.2) | 49.4 (7.2)** | 55.1 (8.0) | 48.6 (8.2)** | 58.6 (6.2) | 50.1 (6.3)** |
| SMI, kg/m2 | 6.9 (1.1) | 6.9 (1.1) | 7.6 (1.0) | 7.7 (1.0) | 6.2 (0.7) | 6.2 (0.7) |
| Low muscle mass, % | 22.8 | 21.7 | 23.3 | 19.4 | 22.3 | 23.5 |
| Handgrip strength, kg | 27.3 (8.3) | 27.6 (8.7) | 34.3 (6.7) | 34.9 (7.0) | 21.8 (4.3) | 21.8 (4.5) |
| Low handgrip strength, % | 14.7 | 15.2 | 10.2 | 9.8 | 18.2 | 19.4 |
| Maximum gait speed, m/s | 1.74 (0.41) | 1.72 (0.33) | 1.85 (0.41) | 1.76 (0.35)** | 1.65 (0.39) | 1.68 (0.31) |
| Usual gait speed, m/s | n.a. | 1.28 (0.25) | n.a. | 1.27 (0.25) | n.a. | 1.29 (0.25) |
| Low gait speed, %a | 7.1 | 5.3 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 8.1 | 5.0* |
ADL, activities of daily living; BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; n.a., not available; SMI, skeletal muscle mass index.
Values are shown as the means (standard deviations) or frequencies.
aThe maximum gait speed was used for estimating low gait speed because the data on usual gait speed were unavailable in the 2012 survey.
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs survey in 2012.