Table 3. Factors associated with the presence of sarcopenia among participants at the 2012 survey.

Variables	Age- and sex-adjusted		Fully adjusted
	Odds ratio (95% CI) on the presence of sarcopeniaa	P value	Odds ratio (95% CI) on the presence of sarcopeniaa	P value
Age, per 1 year	1.12 (1.11–1.18)b	<0.001	1.12 (1.08–1.16)	<0.001
Women, vs men	1.01 (0.66–1.55)b	0.96	0.87 (0.51–1.49)	0.62
Living alone, vs live with someone	1.21 (0.61–2.41)	0.58	1.12 (0.55–2.28)	0.76
Hypertension, yes vs no	0.68 (0.42–1.09)	0.11	0.69 (0.41–1.15)	0.16
Diabetes, yes vs no	0.89 (0.53–1.48)	0.64	0.90 (0.53–1.55)	0.71
Hypercholesterolemia, yes vs no	0.79 (0.51–1.23)	0.30	0.86 (0.54–1.37)	0.51
Serum albumin, per 0.1 g/dL	0.93 (0.86–1.02)	0.11	0.96 (0.88–1.05)	0.40
History of CVD or cancer, yes vs no	1.30 (0.83–2.05)	0.26	1.26 (0.78–2.03)	0.35
Cognitive impairment, yes vs no	1.47 (0.93–2.33)	0.10	1.24 (0.75–2.02)	0.40
History of fracture, yes vs no	1.07 (0.69–1.64)	0.78	1.11 (0.71–1.74)	0.66
ADL disability, yes vs no	2.89 (1.60–5.24)	<0.001	2.56 (1.35–4.85)	0.004
Smoking habits, yes vs no	1.63 (0.72–3.66)	0.24	1.54 (0.65–3.61)	0.32
Alcohol intake, yes vs no	0.77 (0.47–1.28)	0.32	0.96 (0.56–1.62)	0.87
Regular exercise, yes vs no	0.41 (0.19–0.87)	0.02	0.41 (0.19–0.89)	0.02
Total energy intake, per 100 kcal/day	0.86 (0.79–0.93)	<0.001	0.88 (0.81–0.95)	0.002

ADL, activities of daily living; CI, confidence interval: CVD, cardiovascular disease.

^aThe maximum gait speed was used for estimating sarcopenia because the data on usual gait speed were unavailable in the 2012 survey.

^bAge is sex-adjusted and sex is age-adjusted.