Table 1.
Potential exposure pathways of pollinators to VMPs and Biocides considering all environmental compartments (+: assumed low route of exposure, ++: assumed moderate route of exposure, +++: assumed relevant route of exposure, ++++: assumed high route of exposure).
| Potential compartments of exposure | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pollinator groups | Water (including animal excreta) | Soil | Plants | Air | References | |
| Hymenoptera | Social bees (honeybees, bumblebees, stingless bees) | +++ | + | +++ | +++ | [42,101] |
| Ground-nesting bees (mining bees, sweat bees) | ++ | ++++ | +++ | +++ | [[42], [43], [44], [45]] | |
| Other Hymenoptera (wasp) | ++ | + | +++ | +++ | ||
| Diptera (hoverflies, flies, dagger flies) | ++++ | ++++ | +++ | +++ | [47,48,102] | |
| Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths) | ++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | [49] | |
| Coleoptera (beetles) | ++ | ++++ | +++ | +++ | [25,66,70] | |