Fig. 1.

Leveraging biomaterials to improve antiviral therapeutics. a Schematic of synthetic scaffolds with chemically defined features and tunable biological, mechanical, and physical properties to support organoid formation and potentially develop more accurate viral infection models (reproduced and modified with permission from Aisenbrey et al. [34]). b Schematic highlighting engineered nanodecoys displaying angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and cytokine receptors against COVID-19. Cellular membrane nanovesicles from genetically edited 293T cells expressing ACE2 and THP-1 cells (human monocytic cell line) were fused and used to protect host cells by neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 and delivering inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and GM-CSF (reproduced and modified with permission from Rao et al. [35]). c Illustration describing the development and optimization of NPs loaded with ivermectin (IVM) for oral administration of antiviral drugs. Poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-b-polyethylene glycol (PLGA-b-PEG)–based NPs were coated with the antibody Fc fragment to target epithelial cells and used to carry poorly water-soluble drugs and increase their half-life in circulation while minimizing toxicity (reproduced and modified with permission from Surnar et al. [36])