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. 2021 Apr 1:1–14. doi: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1905519

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This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic or until permissions are revoked in writing. Upon expiration of these permissions, PMC is granted a perpetual license to make this article available via PMC and Europe PMC, consistent with existing copyright protections.

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Figure 1. — Potential protective mechanisms of vitamin D in COVID-19

The active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, can prevent the ‘cytokine storm’ triggered by virally infected epithelial cells of the respiratory tract and lungs as well as infiltrating leucocytes; the vitamin also induces anti-viral state in the infected epithelial cells. Vitamin D can also prevent RAAS dysfunction caused by SARS-CoV-2. ANG-1, angiotensin I; ANG-2, angiotensin II; ANG (1–7), angiotensin (1–7); ALI, acute lung injury; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; HTN, hypertension; RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Figure was created using BioRender software.