Table 2.
Genetic diversity estimated in the whole collection and subgroups
| Subgroup | N | 4854 HF SNPs | 2577 LF SNPs | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| %PL | Na | I | Ho | He | PA | %PL | Na | I | Ho | He | PA | ||
| Origin a | |||||||||||||
| ARM | 71 | 98.0 | 1.98 | 0.478 | 0.029 | 0.315 | 0 | 45.4 | 1.45 | 0.051 | 0.003 | 0.022 | 200 |
| ART | 14 | 83.8 | 1.84 | 0.416 | 0.016 | 0.273 | 0 | 19.6 | 1.20 | 0.056 | 0.002 | 0.031 | 50 |
| CHI | 26 | 80.6 | 1.81 | 0.390 | 0.008 | 0.257 | 0 | 27.7 | 1.28 | 0.057 | 0.001 | 0.028 | 303 |
| CIM | 10 | 66.3 | 1.66 | 0.348 | 0.003 | 0.231 | 0 | 9.1 | 1.09 | 0.032 | 0.001 | 0.019 | 1 |
| FRA | 22 | 92.4 | 1.92 | 0.462 | 0.024 | 0.306 | 0 | 24.6 | 1.25 | 0.061 | 0.003 | 0.032 | 86 |
| ITM | 16 | 81.4 | 1.81 | 0.423 | 0.008 | 0.282 | 0 | 12.3 | 1.12 | 0.041 | 0.002 | 0.023 | 18 |
| ITT | 17 | 91.7 | 1.92 | 0.457 | 0.020 | 0.301 | 0 | 48.3 | 1.48 | 0.131 | 0.005 | 0.070 | 416 |
| USA | 4 | 53.3 | 1.53 | 0.320 | 0.016 | 0.220 | 0 | 6.8 | 1.07 | 0.039 | 0.002 | 0.026 | 29 |
| WAN | 17 | 84.7 | 1.85 | 0.424 | 0.008 | 0.280 | 0 | 17.4 | 1.17 | 0.048 | 0.001 | 0.026 | 26 |
| Period | |||||||||||||
| 1915–1959 | 6 | 70.3 | 1.70 | 0.382 | 0.015 | 0.255 | 0 | 10.6 | 1.11 | 0.047 | 0.002 | 0.029 | 12 |
| 1960–1969 | 5 | 61.5 | 1.62 | 0.352 | 0.018 | 0.239 | 0 | 19.6 | 1.20 | 0.098 | 0.006 | 0.064 | 33 |
| 1970–1979 | 15 | 91.0 | 1.91 | 0.460 | 0.022 | 0.304 | 0 | 48.1 | 1.48 | 0.137 | 0.005 | 0.074 | 396 |
| 1980–1989 | 22 | 94.9 | 1.95 | 0.474 | 0.017 | 0.314 | 0 | 23.4 | 1.23 | 0.049 | 0.002 | 0.024 | 30 |
| 1990–1999 | 24 | 95.2 | 1.95 | 0.482 | 0.008 | 0.320 | 0 | 22.7 | 1.23 | 0.046 | 0.001 | 0.022 | 32 |
| 2000–2009 | 101 | 99.8 | 2.00 | 0.487 | 0.015 | 0.320 | 0 | 71.1 | 1.71 | 0.067 | 0.002 | 0.028 | 590 |
| 2010–2020 | 24 | 92.5 | 1.93 | 0.459 | 0.048 | 0.303 | 0 | 19.2 | 1.19 | 0.034 | 0.003 | 0.016 | 29 |
| DAPC | |||||||||||||
| Q1 | 68 | 99.2 | 1.99 | 0.478 | 0.023 | 0.315 | 1 | 54.2 | 1.54 | 0.066 | 0.003 | 0.029 | 313 |
| Q2 | 41 | 97.3 | 1.97 | 0.450 | 0.019 | 0.293 | 0 | 35.2 | 1.35 | 0.050 | 0.002 | 0.022 | 104 |
| Q3 | 36 | 92.0 | 1.92 | 0.419 | 0.014 | 0.271 | 0 | 56.0 | 1.56 | 0.108 | 0.003 | 0.054 | 511 |
| Q4 | 18 | 70.6 | 1.71 | 0.327 | 0.030 | 0.212 | 1 | 8.2 | 1.08 | 0.019 | 0.002 | 0.010 | 6 |
| 5 | 34 | 83.2 | 1.83 | 0.364 | 0.011 | 0.234 | 0 | 31.2 | 1.31 | 0.056 | 0.001 | 0.027 | 297 |
| Total | 197 | 100 | 2.00 | 0.503 | 0.019 | 0.333 | – | 100 | 2.00 | 0.078 | 0.002 | 0.031 | – |
HF high frequency, LF low frequency, % PL percentage of polymorphic loci, Na average number of alleles, I Shannon’s Information index, Ho observed heterozygosity, He Nei’s gene diversity or heterozygosity, PA number of private alleles
Q1 to Q5 are the sub-population inferred by DAPC
a ARM Accessions are coded as: modern Argentinian, ART traditional Argentinian, CHI Chile, CIM CIMMYT, FRA France, ITM modern Italian, ITT traditional Italian, USA United States, WAN West Asia/ North Africa region. Accessions from Argentina and Italy were divided into two groups according to the breeding period or year of release (until: ʽtraditional,ʼ and after 1985: ʽmodernʼ)