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. 2021 Mar 27;96:107615. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107615

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Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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Fig. 1 — Identification of COVID-19 immune subtypes. A. Hierarchical clustering of 100 COVID-19 patients based on the enrichment scores of 11 immune signatures in leukocytes. B. Comparisons of the ratios of immune-stimulatory to immune-inhibitory signatures between the three COVID-19 subtypes. The ratios were the mean expression levels of the marker genes of immune-stimulatory signatures over those of immune-inhibitory signatures (log2-transformed). The Student’s t test P-values are indicated. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 (This also applies to the following figures). C. Principal component analysis confirming that COVID-19 can be divided into three subgroups based on the enrichment scores of the 11 immune signatures. D. Proportions of COVID-19 patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) or requiring mechanical ventilatory support (MVS) in the COVID-19 subtypes. E. Comparisons of the scores of the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) and the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA), ventilator-free days, and the hospital-free days at day 45 (HFD-45) values between the three COVID-19 subtypes. F. Comparisons of the COVID-19 severity-associated laboratory measurements between COVID-19 subtypes. G. Comparisons of the age between COVID-19 subtypes. The one-tailed Mann–Whitney U test P-values are shown.

Fig. 1 — Identification of COVID-19 immune subtypes. A. Hierarchical clustering of 100 COVID-19 patients based on the enrichment scores of 11 immune signatures in leukocytes. B. Comparisons of the ratios of immune-stimulatory to immune-inhibitory signatures between the three COVID-19 subtypes. The ratios were the mean expression levels of the marker genes of immune-stimulatory signatures over those of immune-inhibitory signatures (log2-transformed). The Student’s t test P-values are indicated. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 (This also applies to the following figures). C. Principal component analysis confirming that COVID-19 can be divided into three subgroups based on the enrichment scores of the 11 immune signatures. D. Proportions of COVID-19 patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) or requiring mechanical ventilatory support (MVS) in the COVID-19 subtypes. E. Comparisons of the scores of the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) and the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA), ventilator-free days, and the hospital-free days at day 45 (HFD-45) values between the three COVID-19 subtypes. F. Comparisons of the COVID-19 severity-associated laboratory measurements between COVID-19 subtypes. G. Comparisons of the age between COVID-19 subtypes. The one-tailed Mann–Whitney U test P-values are shown.