Table 1. Summary of the 249 eligible studies.
| Risk behavior | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | All studies (n=249) | Substance use (n=113) | Aggressiveness and violence (n=35) | Self-harm, depressive, suicidal behavior (n=54) | Multiple risk behavior (n=21) | Sexual risk behavior (n=26) |
| Country | ||||||
| United States | 112 (45.0) | 48 (42.0) | 23 (65.7) | 19 (35.0) | 7 (33.0) | 15 (57.6) |
| United Kingdom | 37 (15.0) | 14 (12.0) | 2 (5.7) | 16 (29.6) | 2 (9.5) | 3 (11.5) |
| Australia | 24 (10.0) | 13 (12.0) | 3 (8.6) | 4 (7.4) | 2 (9.5) | 2 (7.9) |
| Other | 76 (30.0) | 38 (34.0) | 7 (20.0) | 15 (28.0) | 10 (48.0) | 6 (23.0) |
| Sample age (years) | ||||||
| 10-14 | 96 (38.5) | 51 (45.1) | 14 (40.0) | 18 (33.4) | 8 (38.0) | 5 (19.0) |
| 15-19 | 78 (31.4) | 29 (25.7) | 9 (25.7) | 19 (35.1) | 6 (28.5) | 15 (58.0) |
| Other | 75 (30.1) | 33 (29.2) | 12 (34.3) | 17 (31.5) | 7 (33.5) | 6 (23.0) |
| Years of follow-up | ||||||
| ≤ 10 | 193 (77.5) | 90 (79.6) | 22 (63.0) | 44 (81.5) | 13 (62.0) | 24 (92.3) |
| > 10 | 56 (22.5) | 23 (20.4) | 13 (37.0) | 10 (18.5) | 8 (38.0) | 2 (7.7) |
| Exposure | ||||||
| Distal risk factor | 56 (22.5) | 24 (21.2) | 15 (43.0) | 8 (14.8) | 7 (33.0) | 2 (7.7) |
| Distal protective factor | 3 (1.2) | 2 (1.8) | - | - | - | - |
| Proximal risk factor | 191 (76.0) | 88 (78.0) | 20 (57.0) | 44 (81.5) | 14 (67.0) | 25 (96.2) |
| Proximal protective factor | 5 (2.0) | 2 (1.8) | 1 (3.0) | 2 (3.7) | - | - |
| Study design | ||||||
| Prospective | 237 (95.0) | 109 (96.5) | 31 (88.5) | 53 (98.0) | 20 (95.0) | 24 (92.3) |
| Retrospective | 12 (5.0) | 4 (3.5) | 4 (11.5) | 1 (2.0) | 1 (5.0) | 2 (7.7) |
Data presented as n (%).